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Background: Although most of the metabolism of local anesthetics (LAs) takes place in the liver, no study has investigated the effect of these anesthetics on the kidney function of single-kidney humans or animals. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of LAs on renal function in single-kidney rats. Materials and Methods: The present experimental animal study with two control groups was done in an animal laboratory. Forty-two rats were randomly assigned to seven groups of six rats, including two control groups and five experimental groups. The experimental groups underwent intraperitoneal anesthesia with 2% lidocaine, 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine, 4% articaine, 3% prilocaine with 0.03 IU Felypressin, and 3% mepivacaine, respectively. Unilateral nephrectomy was done. After 24 h, the rats' blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Cr), and blood specific gravity (BSG) were measured. A standard dose of anesthetics was injected into the peritoneum for 4 days afterward. Then, these indices were measured again 24 h after the last injection. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS (version 21.0). One-way analysis of variance, Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc, and paired t-tests were used for statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results indicated significant differences among groups in the rats' BUN and serum Cr 24 h after nephrectomy (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in BUN, BSG, and Cr among groups after the interventions. Conclusion: LAs did not affect renal function in single-kidney rats. Therefore, dentists can use the anesthetics in single-kidney people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that causes a variety of adverse health effects. Considering the need to identify additional effective therapeutic options for OA therapy, we investigated the effect of co-injection of apigenin and synovial membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SMMSCs) on OA in male rats' knee joints. Methods: The study was performed in 2019 at the Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) was used to induce OA. For three weeks, male Sprague-Dawley rats (eight groups, n=6 each) were treated once-weekly with intra-articular injections of apigenin alone or in combination with SMMSC (three million cells), phosphate-buffered saline, or hyaluronic acid. After three months, the interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the cartilage homogenate. The expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components including collagen 2a1, aggrecan, IL-1β, TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transcription factor SOX-9, and matrix metalloproteinases 3 and 13 were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Radiological evaluation and histopathological assessment were used to evaluate the knees. Results: Levels of TNF-α (P=0.009), MDA (P0.001>), and IL-1β (P<0.001) decreased and the level of SOD increased (P=0.004) in the apigenin 0.3 µM with SMMSCs group. RT-PCR analysis indicated that IL-1β in the apigenin 0.3 µM with SMMSCs group reduced significantly (P>0.001). This group also exhibited increased expression levels of SOX-9, collagen 2a1, and aggrecan (P>0.001). Conclusion: Apigenin may have supplementary beneficial effects on cell therapy in a rat model of OA due to its possible effect on the reduction of oxidative stress, suppression of inflammation, and promotion of production of ECM components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Using immunotyping in classifying leukemia is growing increasingly. This method provides useful information about proper classifying of leukemia, the prognosis and treatment of this disease. This study is conducted to determine frequency percentage of CD markers in patients suffering from acute leukemia who had referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia for one year. Materials and methods: The present descriptive study was conducted in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia from 22 July 2008 to 23 July 2009. Random samples were taken from pediatrics and adults' blood ward from the 119 referred patients within one year. Then, flowcytometry markers were measured, and environmental blood slide and marrow aspiration were studied. Results: The results demonstrated that 61 of them suffered from acute leukemia, 22 cases had chronic lymphoproliferative, and 36 patients were among miscellaneous group. Out of 61 cases with acute leukemia, 27 suffered from acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Among the 27 cases with AML, one (3.7%) suffered from M1, 4 cases (14.8%) from M2, 5 cases (18.5%) from M3, 9 cases (33.3%) from M4, and 8 cases (29.6%) from M5. CD13 and CD33 markers were the most frequent ones in AML patients. It should be mentioned that some cases of appearance of lymphoid markers such as CD7 in AML-M3, CD5 and CD20 in AML-M4, CD4 and CD8 in AML-M5 have also been observed. Conclusion: The findings revealed that determining the frequency of acute myeloid leukemia markers with flowcytometry is a suitable method to study these markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some studies have indicated impaired metabolism of Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and zinc in type-1 diabetic patients. However, no results have been reported to date on the relationship between IGF-1 and serum zinc levels in children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the objectives of this cross-sectional study were to compare IGF-1 levels in type-1 diabetic children and adolescents with that of healthy controls, and also to determine whether there is a relationship between IGF-1 and serum zinc levels. Methods: Thirty children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes mellitus and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls participated in the study. Serum IGF-1, serum zinc, fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, enzymatic colorimetry and ion-exchange chromatography methods, respectively. Results: The mean level of serum IGF-1 (ng/l) in the diabetics was significantly lower than in the controls (208.2 ± 15.7 and 317.0 ± 33.2, respectively; p=0.001). No relationship was found between the IGF-1 levels and serum zinc or the amount of glycemic control. Conclusion: IGF-1 levels of the diabetic children and adolescents were significantly lower compared to those of healthy controls and were independent of serum zinc levels and the amount of glycemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of amide-based local anesthetics is generally considered to be safe. However, the literature on their safety in patients with hepatic injury is scarce. For the first time, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect and safety of five commonly used amide-based local anesthetics in the setting of hepatic failure. Methods: A total of 96 Sprague-Dawley rats were studied from September 2015 to September 2016 in the Animal Laboratory Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. They divided into three groups, namely a control, induced liver failure (LF), and non-LF groups. The rats were administered local anesthetic agents (lidocaine, prilocaine with felypressin, lidocaine with epinephrine, mepivacaine, articaine, and prilocaine). The effect of these drugs was evaluated by comparing the liver enzyme levels of the rats. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The independent t test, one-way ANOVA, and the post hoc tests were used to compare groups. A P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In non-LF rats, mepivacaine, lidocaine, and lidocaine with epinephrine caused a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level compared with the effect of prilocaine with felypressin and articaine. In non-LF rats, only mepivacaine resulted in a significant increase in AST level compared with lidocaine (P=0.007) and prilocaine with felypressin (P=0.044). In this group, only mepivacaine caused a significant increase in alanine transaminase (ALT) level compared with lidocaine (P=0.016). Whereas in the LF group, mepivacaine caused an increase in ALT level compared with the effect of both prilocaine with felypressin (P=0.009) and articaine (P<0.001). The use of mepivacaine in the LF group caused a significant increase in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level compared prilocaine with felypressin (P=0.039). Conclusion: Articaine and prilocaine with felypressin local anesthetics induced the least change in hepatic enzyme levels in rats with abnormal hepatic function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]