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Groundwater resources play an important role in meeting the water needs of agriculture and industry. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting the potential challenges of groundwater resources can be key to proper implementation and management, considered the main goal of the current research. In this study, agricultural groundwater poverty index (AGPI) and industrial groundwater poverty index (IGPI) were developed based on General, Effective, and Data mining methods for the study period 2012–2020 in the West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Both agricultural and industrial sectors were classified into five categories with 17 and 15 associated variables, respectively. The total scores of AGPI and IGPI were obtained (48.63, 47.80, 49.67) and (33.35, 33.60, 33.37), respectively, for General, Effective, and Data mining methods in the West Azerbaijan Province. In 2012–2020, the qualitative classification of the sustainability status of groundwater resources for the agriculture and industry sectors was at a good and very good level. The crop cultivation patterns of Pea, Beans, and Lentils products require management reforms to avoid the relative unsustainability in groundwater resources. Also, Production of Food and Beverages, Tobacco products, Production of Coke fuel, Oil refineries, and Nuclear fuels, Chemical Products, Rubber and Plastic products, and Non-Metallic Mineral Products could face management challenges in the West Azerbaijan Province. As the agricultural sector puts more pressure on groundwater resources than the industrial sector, it is expected that the southern part of the province will be more affected by water crises in the future. Also, the countries' internal management plans and international relations, such as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), could have a significant impact on the status of their water resources. Due to saving time and money, it is highly recommended to use the Data mining method to develop the AGPI and IGPI in practical projects. The results of current study will have a critical impact on improving and optimizing the performance of implemented groundwater resource management projects in various temporal–spatial levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lentil is one of the most important legumes cultivated in various provinces of Iran. However, there is limited information about the symbiotic rhizobia of lentils in this country. In this study, molecular identification of lentil-nodulating rhizobia was performed based on 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer (IGS) and recA, atpD, glnII , and nodC gene sequencing. Using PCR-RFLP analysis of 16S–23S rRNA IGS, a total of 116 rhizobia isolates were classified into 20 groups, leaving seven strains unclustered. Phylogenetic analysis of representative isolates revealed that the rhizobia strains belonged to Rhizobium leguminosarum and Rhizobium laguerreae , and the distribution of the species is partially related to geographical location. Rhizobium leguminosarum was the dominant species in North Khorasan and Zanjan, while R. laguerreae prevailed in Ardabil and East Azerbaijan. The distribution of the species was also influenced by agroecological climates; R. leguminosarum thrived in cold semiarid climates, whereas R. laguerreae adapted to humid continental climates. Both species exhibited equal dominance in the Mediterranean climate, characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters, in Lorestan and Kohgiluyeh-Boyer Ahmad provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilizes a system dynamics approach (SD) to assess the effects of water productivity improvement strategies on the Qazvin plain, Iran, and the uncertainty of the individual and interactive effects. The key indicators included in the important strategies are cropping pattern scenarios (CPS), deficit irrigation (DI), and modern irrigation systems development (MISD). Plain-scale results show that CPS 7, CPS 4, and CPS 8 had the highest physical water productivity (WPp) at 2.11, 1.99, and 1.95 kg/m3, respectively, representing a 21, 14, and 12 percent increase over CPS 1. Compared with CPS 1, CPS 4, CPS 6, and CPS 8 showed the highest values of WPe (5678, 5568, and 5503 Rials/m3, respectively). At the field scale, under DI, WPp increased for all crops (except corn, which was the most sensitive), but WPe is only increased for tomato, canola, pea, and barley and reduced for corn, potato, beans, lentils, and sugar beet. The WPe was affected by the DI, the irrigation system type, and the CPS. CPS 7 and CPS 6 had the highest and lowest water requirements, respectively, with 11,699 and 8207 m3/ha. Volume decline in aquifers is significantly affected by both CPS and DI. The CPS6, CPS8, and CPS2 were better than other scenarios. By modifying the cropping pattern, it is possible to prevent aquifer decline, thus improving the aquifer status (CPS5). MISD increased both field and plain WPp for all crops. The MISD improved groundwater resources and reduced demand by increasing efficiency to improve aquifer condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the response of cow cockle (Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert) ecotypes from northwest Iran to salinity stress at the germination and adult plant stages via a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in 2021. The results showed significant differences among the ecotypes regarding the germination components and morpho-physiological traits, indicating the existence of genetic diversity among them. Germination percentage and its components decreased with increasing salinity levels. So, at the NaCl concentrations greater than 120 mM, seed germination was inhibited in all studied ecotypes. This indicated that the cow cockle is a salinity-sensitive species and does not tolerate high salt concentrations. At the adult plant stage, salinity decreased plant height, root and stem dry weights, chlorophyll a and b content, and increased shoot sodium content and sodium to potassium ratio. The estimation of the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) for different ecotypes based on various traits showed that the E3, E8, and E6 ecotypes having the lowest MGIDI values under salt stress conditions at both germination and adult plant stages, were the most tolerant ecotypes. Moreover, the E7 and E1 ecotypes had the highest MGIDI values at both growth stages and showed a higher sensitivity to salt stress. The more tolerant ecotypes selected based on the MGIDI indicator can be used for further research and selection in the breeding programs of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to estimate the water requirement of crops such as wheat, barley, alfalfa, lentils, and chickpeas in the northern half of Ardabil province, Iran. For this purpose, remote sensing methods such as SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) and SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System) were used, and the results were compared with Penman-Monteith, Hargreaves-Samani, and pan evaporation methods. The results showed that wheat yield at 2018.11.30 with numerical values of 1.52 in SEBAL method and 1.09 mm/day in SEBS method had the lowest and lentil product at 2013.7.3 with numerical values of 7.86 and 8.14 mm/day had the highest water requirement among the studied products. Also, based on the results, the SEBAL method has the lowest error with RMSE of 0.893 and MAD of 0.843 compared to Penman-Monteith and Hargreaves-Samani methods; it has the highest error rate with RMSE of 1.112 and MAD of 1.215. The SEBS method also has the lowest error rate with RMSE of 0.930 and MAD of 0.833 compared to Hargreaves and the highest error rate with RMSE of 1.691 and MAD of 1.49 compared to the Penman-Monteith method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durum wheat production in the Mediterranean climate is limited when water shortages occur during anthesis. Breeding programs try to increase crop yield under challenging weather conditions such as water shortage. The improvement in phenotyping with the purpose of selecting key plant traits is important for increasing the efficiency of the breeding program. In this study, 125 and 119 durum recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from F7 and F8 generations, respectively, derived from the cross between the Iranian landrace "Iran_249" and the Iranian variety "Zardak" were compared in the field over two successive years (2015 and 2016) in the temperate rainfed conditions with the Mediterranean climate. The results showed that the performance of RILs was influenced by the year. Harvest index, biomass, number of spikes per plant, number of tillers per plant, straw yield, spike weight, spike density, and weight of grains per spike were positively associated with the grain yield in two years. According to path analysis in the first year, number of spikes per plant and awn length had a positive and significant direct effect on the grain yield whilst, in the second year, the positive and significant direct effects on the grain yield belonged to the number of tillers per plant, grain filling rate, and plant height. In conclusion, based on the two-year data, the RILs with higher spike weight, the weight of grains per spike, number of tillers per plant, biomass, grain filling rate, higher plant height with longer peduncle length, and longer spikes with longer awn length may have higher yield under rainfed conditions. These traits are promising traits for the indirect selection of grain yield. RILs No. 2, 16, 29, 43, 66, 80, 100, and 118 had the highest rank in both years and were superior to their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain legumes (pulses) are important crops for global food security, especially in developing countries. They also play an important role in enhancing sustainability through intensification and diversification of agricultural production systems. Meanwhile, the deficit irrigation strategy is one of the most important options for reducing water losses and maximizing water use efficiency in arid zones. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Research Station, Higher Education Complex of Saravan during the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019. The experiment was split plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The main plots included four levels of irrigation (60, 80, 100, and 120%). Subplots were two different landraces from Iran for lentil crop (Baluchestan and Kurdestan). The results revealed that the effect of deficit irrigation was significant on grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, and water use efficiency. Apart from the landraces, with increasing water consumption, the grain yield of control treatment (100%) grew by 107% in comparison to 60% irrigation treatment, but this elevation was not significant at 120% level in comparison to the control treatment. Further, 120% irrigation treatment led to reduction in water use efficiency. The highest water use efficiency (2.9 kg ha-1 mm-1) was obtained in 80% irrigation treatment with 10% reduction in grain yield compared with control treatment. The highest harvest index was observed in the interaction of Baluchestan zones × 80% water treatment (0.24). Although the interaction of Baluchestan landrace × 80% water treatment had 10% grain yield lower than control treatment, its biological yield decreased by 27% compared to control treatment, which eventually led to 20% rise of the harvest index. Thus, our study revealed that deficit irrigation was a useful method to protect the water resources and could be used in cultivation of other plants in arid zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins are types of mycotoxins that can cause acute and chronic toxicity in human. In general, there are four types of aflatoxinsB1, B2, G1 and G2, which among them aflatoxin B1 is the most potent carcinogen in animal species and causes liver cancer. The goal of this study was to evaluate of aflatoxin concentration in legumes samples marketed in Tehranbya high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fifty samples of legumes including peas, red beans, lentils, mung bean and cotyledons (n = 10 of pea, n = 10 of red bean, n = 10 of lentils, n = 10 of mung bean and n = 10 of cotyledons) were obtained from different regions (bulk legumes) of Tehran city in Iran and different packaging brands that had the highest supply in Tehran stores and were transported to the laboratory under appropriate conditions to measure aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, G2 and total). Considering the limit of detection (LOD) of the current study, the aflatoxin level of all samples of peas, red beans, lentils, mung bean and cotyledons samples was lower than LOD. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the consumption of legumes in Tehran city by consumers can be safe, but more research is needed to avoid potential risks, and also routine and periodic monitoring of aflatoxin levels in legumes is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pea aphid (PA), Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), can cause complete yield loss in lentil, Lens culinaris Medik. (Fabaceae, Leguminosae), if not managed properly. Determining lentil genetic resources with resistance to PA is important for integrated pest management (IPM) in production areas worldwide. The objectives of this study were to identify genetic resources and genes associated with resistance to PA in 188 lines of the USDA Lentil Single Plant Core Collection. A cluster analysis of the mean number of adults, nymphs, and total aphids that developed on lentil lines 10 days after infestation with a single aphid identified four clusters associated with aphid resistance: 20 lines were considered resistant, 99 moderately resistant, 51 moderately susceptible, and 18 susceptible. PIs 329157 LSP and 432085 LSP, originating from Iran, demonstrated the best resistance when assessing antibiotic and antixenotic properties. Genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS)‐based single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used for genome‐wide association mapping to locate genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with PA resistance traits, in which six, four, and three SNPs were associated with low numbers of PA adults, nymphs, and total aphids that developed on lentil lines, respectively. Fifteen candidate genes were identified relating to PA resistance. The results can effectively be used in molecular lentil breeding programs to target specific genomic regions associated with PA resistance, as well as in traditional breeding, using lines identified as highly PA‐resistant as parents, to develop durable resistance in lentil cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of zeolite on growth indices, yield and grain yield components and protein of lentil in dryland and supplementary irrigation conditions, a field study was conducted in Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. The experiment was performed as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included three levels of irrigation (rainfed, one stage of supplementary irrigation and two stages of supplementary irrigation) and the second factor included the application of three levels of zeolite (0, 10 and 20 tons ha-¹). The results showed that supplementary irrigation increased the grain yield. Application of zeolite moderated the effect of drought stress. Zeolite improved grain yield, this improvement occurred under both supplementary irrigation and rainfed conditions. Though, the interaction of supplementary irrigation and zeolite on yield and yield components was not statistically significant. Supplementary irrigation and zeolite had a significant effect on growth indices and improved growth indices during the growing season. The highest grain yield (1741 kg ha-1) was obtained when supplementary irrigation was applied at two stages. Application of 20 tons ha-1 of zeolite increased grain yield by 50% compared to the control. Therefore, according to the findings of the present study, in conditions of water restriction, application of 20 tons ha-1 of zeolite may benefit lentil cultivation in Shahrekord, Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning for optimal use of resources and reduction of environmental impacts, in addition to resource protection, is associated with increasing farmers' revenues and boosting the regional economy. Given the limited resources and environmental impacts of agricultural activities on human health, it is necessary to determine an appropriate cropping pattern. The present research aimed to maximize net profit and minimize environmental impacts, including the releases of carcinogens, noncarcinogens, ozone layer depletion, ionizing radiation, and respiratory inorganics and organics on human health. In this study, an optimal cropping pattern of irrigated and rainfed crops was proposed for the east of Lorestan Province using multi-objective nonlinear programming (MOP). Results showed that the cropping areas of chickpea, rapeseed, and potatoes decreased by 50% in the irrigated crop of MOP model and that of lentil in the MOP model of rainfed crops compared with the current pattern. Another important result was increases in the cropping areas of lentil and bean in the MOP pattern of irrigated crops and wheat in the rainfed MOP model. The environmental impacts of agricultural sector on human health can be reduced by determining an optimal cropping pattern. The implementation of this model in the region reduced the emissions of carcinogens (4%), noncarcinogens (9%), respiratory inorganics (17%), ionizing radiation (14%), ozone layer depletion (17%), and respiratory organics (15%) compared with the existing situation along with an increased net profit of $968,483. According to the findings, consideration of environmental objectives affecting human health is essential in the optimization of the cropping pattern. In addition to optimal use of water and land resources, using the proposed model helps to increase profits and reduce environmental consequences on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is crucial to benefit from the lentil genetic resources to select them for greater economic yield and take advantage of the maximum production potential by local germplasms. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the phenological, morphological characteristics, yield, and yield components of 15 lentil genotypes in the Research Field, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in February 2019. The experiment was carried out based on completely randomized blocks with three replications. According to the results, the MLC47 genotype was superior to other genotypes with a plant height of 44.7 cm and 4.4 branches per plant. In addition, the MLC33 genotype had the most filled pods with 79.4% fertility, and no significant difference was observed between this genotype and 60% of the entire genotypes in this regard. Moreover, the MLC454 and MLC47 genotypes had the highest seed yield with 133.8 and 125 g seeds per plant, respectively. Cluster grouping and comparison of means of the groups with the total mean showed that the MLC33 and MLC454 genotypes had a higher mean, compared to other genotypes in 69% of the studied traits. So that these two genotypes could be used in future research projects to identify and select the superior lentil genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental factors which can limit the lentil production. To evaluate the effect of drought stress at flowering and pod filling stages on growth indices of lentil cultivar Kimiya (a new high yielding lentil cultivar for moderate cold and semi warm climate of Iran), an experiment was conducted at the research greenhouse of Higher Educational Complex of Saravan in completely randomized design with four replications. The drought stress was applied by withholding irrigation until the soil moisture reached to 20% of field capacity at stages of flowering and pod filling. In this experiment, we measured grain yield per plant, growth indices including plant leaf area (PLA), relative growth rate (RGR), plant growth rate (PGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR). Results showed that the flowering stage in lentil plant is more sensitive to drought as exhibited significant decline in PLA, RGR, PGR and NAR. PGR declined at the end of growing season when vegetative growth stop, senescence of leaves, the reduction of NAR and the allocation of assimilate to the seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and seed priming with plant growth regulators on yield and yield components of lentil as factorial base on the randomized complete block design in four replications at the research farm of Gonbad Kavous University of Iran during 2013-2014. First factor included application of the mycorrhiza at three levels (control, inoculated soil using Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae) and seed priming at five levels (hydro-priming with distilled water, seed priming with GA3 100 ppm, priming with SA 100 ppm, priming with GA3 100 ppm + SA 100 ppm and non-primed seed as control was the second factor. On the basis of results, days to 50% flowering was significantly decreased with the application of mycorrhizal inoculation along whole treatments of priming except G. mosseae in combination with both hormones level. It was also observed that combined treatments of Glomus intraradical inoculation with hydro priming caused most early flowering, the number of pods in the plant, ratio of the filled pod, grain weight of lentil eventually higher yields and harvest index of lentil over other treatments. Thus mycorrhizal inoculation can help to minimize synthetic herbicides and develop biofertilizer in sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Helicotylenchus ciceri n. sp. and H. scoticus are described and illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular characters. The new species is characterised by a conical and truncated lip region with five or six distinct annuli, stylet 32-37 μ m long with anteriorly concave knobs, secretory-excretory pore posterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve, dorsally convex-conoid tail with a terminal projection, phasmids 14 (7-20) annuli anterior to the level of anus, empty spermatheca and absence of males. Intraspecific variation of 16 populations of H. scoticus , collected from chickpea and lentil fields in Kermanshah province, western Iran, is discussed. The results of the phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of the partial 18S rRNA, D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA and ITS rRNA genes are provided for the studied species, confirming their differences from each other and determining the position of them and their relationships with closely related species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV; genus Mastrevirus, family Geminiviridae) is one of the most important legume‐infecting viruses with a wide host range and geographic distribution in Africa and Asia. In Iran, CpCDV is common in chickpea (Cicer arietinum), but there is limited information about diversity and infections in plants of other legume species. In the current study, a total of 1671 leaf samples from different pulse crops with symptoms were collected in nine provinces of Iran, and the CpCDV infection status was tested by PCR and/or rolling circle amplification (RCA), resulting in the detection of CpCDV in samples of chickpea, lentil (Lens culinaris) and faba bean (Vicia faba) from different regions. Sequence analysis of complete genomes of 18 isolates recovered by digestion of RCA products revealed infection with isolates of the strains CpCDV‐A and CpCDV‐F in chickpea, lentil and faba bean. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Iranian isolates of CpCDV were closely related to previously sequenced isolates of CpCDV‐A and CpCDV‐F. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of CpCDV‐F in Iran. Using agroinoculation with infectious clones for one isolate each of CpCDV‐A and CpCDV‐F, infectivity was confirmed in both faba bean and chickpea, with plants developing leaf curling and/or yellowing. Both infectious clones also successfully infected Nicotiana benthamiana resulting in mild yellowing and intensive leaf curling for CpCDV‐A, and dark‐green mosaic, dwarfing and mild leaf curling for CpCDV‐F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 2016 growing season, samples with leaf yellowing and mosaic like symptoms were collected from main lentil (Lens culinaris Medik L.) fields. Specific ELISA positive PSbMV samples were selected for RT-PCR. Using specific pair of primer towards CP gene region of the virus, PCR product of approx.235 bp was amplified. Based on the nucleotide sequences of the CP gene PSbMV isolates were classified in two major groups. In which, isolates in group I divided into two subgroups of Iranian isolates (B2) and (G1), along with Czech Republic, Australia, China, Greece, Pakistan and Egypt were placed in the subgroup-I. Isolate (V18) from Iran placed independently in group II. In the grouping based on the amino acid sequencing the isolates divided into two phylogenetic groups. Iranian isolates along with an isolate from Australia categorized in group-II, however world isolates were all clustered in group-I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sophora yellow stunt-associated virus (SYSaV) (Nanovirus, Nanoviridae) is a new nanovirus that recently identified in Iran with wide distribution. In the present study, the SYSaV infection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus), liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), esfand (Peganum harmala L.) and milk vetch (Astragalus sp.) showing typical nanovirus symptoms including dwarfing and yellowing was tested by PCR and full-length sequencing of selected genome components. Results indicated that these samples are infected with SYSaV. In transmission experiments, the capability of cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora ) and pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) to transmit SYSaV to healthy plants was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. While Aphis craccivora transmitted the virus from infected to healthy sophora plants, Acyrthosiphon pisum collected on naturally infected sophora plants transmitted the virus to sophora, chickpea and cowpea seedlings. Based on the results of this study, beside the main host (sophora), SYSaV is able to infect two other medicinal plants. In addition, the host range of the virus is not limited to the wild species and at least two legume crops are infected with SYSaV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . lentis is the most important pathogen of lentil plants, and most areas under lentil cultivation are reported to have a fusarium wilt disease background. The plants are infected in the seedling stage and later stages of their development. Fusarium wilt disease, which has appeared at high incidence rates during recent years, has caused sharp drops in the yield, especially in Moghan, in the northwest of Iran. Forty-five isolates of the pathogen were collected from different regions of the country with two isolates from ICARDA in the summer of 2008 and identified using Nelson's key. The pathogenicity of the collected isolates was studied on a sensitive line (ILL 4605) under greenhouse conditions and significant differences in pathogenicity were found among them. The most pathogenic isolates from three provinces, East Azerbaijan (EA 30), Ardebil (Ar 3) and Khorasan (Kh 45), were selected and used in screening of 55 developed lines under greenhouse and field conditions. In the greenhouse, test plants were inoculated by immersing root tips in spore suspension and sowing seeds in pre-infested pot soil. Field tests were carried out in a naturally highly infested farm. At all stages, the plant response to the disease was based on the percentage of dead plants. Cluster analyses of the greenhouse and field data led to the selection of three lines (81S15, FLIP2007-42 L and FLIP2009-18 L) that were resistant under greenhouse and field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared sequence variations in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of five Lens species, including cultivated lentil (Lens culinaris subsp. culinaris) and its four wild relatives distributed in Iran and Turkey, in order to clarify their genetic relationships. Cluster analysis based on the neighbour-joining algorithm and Jukes-Cantor distances revealed a phenetic tree with a topology congruent with patterns derived by previous studies using ITS sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the divergence of L. nigricans from all other species. In this study, we found that some accessions of L. culinaris subsp. orientalis were very similar to L. culinaris subsp. culinaris, the cultivated lentil, but several others were not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of genotypes, which can be adapted to a wide range of diversified environment, is the ultimate goal of plant breeders in a crop improvement program. In this study, several stability methods were used to evaluate the genotype by environment interaction (GE) in 11 lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) genotypes. The genotypes were evaluated for grain yield at 4 different locations for 3 years in semi arid areas of Iran. The testing locations have different climatic and edaphic conditions providing the conditions necessary for the assessment of stability. A combined analysis of variance, stability statistics, rank correlations among stability statistics and yield stability statistic were determined. Significant differences were detected between genotypes and their GE interactions. Different univariate stability parameters were used to determine stability of the studied genotypes. The level of association among the parameters was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation. The different stability statistics which measured the different aspects of stability was substantiated by rank correlation coefficient. Rank-correlation coefficients between yield and some stability parameters were highly significant. Genotypes mean yield (Mean) was significantly correlated to the Lin and Binns stability parameter PI ( r = 0.93* *í) and desirability index Di ( r = 0.89* *í). A principal component analysis based on rank correlation matrix was performed for grouping the different stability parameters studied. In conclusion, based on most stability parameters, the genotypes G2, G5 and G9 were found to be the most stable. Results from rank correlation and principal component analysis showed that the stability variance (σi 2) was strongly correlated with Wricke's ecovalance, stability parameters of Plaisted and Peterson, and Plaisted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In this study, some heavy metals were analyzed in high-consumption cereals. • The TTHQ of heavy metals for almost cereals is less than acceptable level. • The TCR of heavy metals for almost cereals is higher than acceptable level. • Monitoring cereals for heavy metals is essential before entering the market. In this study, seven types of high-consumption cereals including lentil, peas, corn, split peas, bean, rice, and wheat (totally 48 brands) were surveyed from the market of Kermanshah city (Iran). A total of 144 samples (3 from each brand) were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg). Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) was utilized to analyze As and Hg elements, while analysis of other metal ions was performed with an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The overall concentration of Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Hg and As was equal to 6.85 ± 12.0, 27.3 ± 15.5, 86.7 ± 136, 459 ± 146, 21.2 ± 34.8, 147 ± 86.3, 2.03 ± 2.26 and 0.62 ± 1.80 μg/kg dry weight, respectively. The total non-carcinogenic (TTHQ) of heavy metals for almost cereals is less than acceptable level (= 1), while the corresponding total carcinogenic risks (TCR) for almost cereals is higher than allowable limit (= 10-4). Therefore, various practical measures can be taken to reduce the amount of heavy metals in cereals. These measures including avoid excessive consumption of fertilizers and pesticides for cereals production, cultivation of cereals in high-quality soils, and continuous monitoring of cereals in market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the chemical composition, mineral content, energy value, and fatty acid profile of two varieties of lentil seeds cultivated in Iran. It suggests that the amounts of protein and carbohydrate present in green lentils were higher compared in red lentils due to the differences in species and environmental factors. It mentions the significant differences in neutral detergent fiber and ash values of the two lentil varieties.

Focuses on the first report of Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV), Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) and Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) naturally infecting chickpea and lentil in Iran. Detection of FBNYV and Bean leaf roll virus in all five provinces surveyed; Provinces where CpCDV and SbDV were detected; Overall incidence of virus.