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Background: There are various approaches in primary health care regarding the key role of nurses. This systematic review investigates the roles of nurses, as part of the family medicine team. Materials and Methods: All published articles related to the role of nurses in the family medicine team from January 2000 to March 2022 were the subjects of this study. The eligibility criteria included original articles published in English or Persian in the last two decades. International credible scholarly databases (PubMed, Scopus, Magiran, IranMedex, and SID) were searched using keywords and syntax. Some of the keywords included "Family Health Nurse," "Nurses in Primary Care," "Family Medicine," "Family Physician Care Program," "General Physician Program," "Role," and "Nurse." Data were extracted based on Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research type (SPIDER) technique and reported based on the structure of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Results: Of 147 identified publications by the search strategy, eight eligible empirical studies were included. The results showed that besides providing nursing care, nurses play vital roles in communication and teamwork, assessment, securing health services relevant to communities' needs, education, empowerment, clinical practice, health promotion, prevention, reflective research practice, and counseling. Conclusions: This study identified different roles nurses could play in providing primary health care. These findings are helpful for the replanning or reform of primary health care in countries, which aimed to expand the Family Physician Program (FPP) in their countries, including Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable hydrogen production plays a key role in transitioning to a hydrogen economy. For this, developing countries are encouraged to keep up with industrialized nations. As such, this study seeks to evaluate the potential of all capital cities of Iran in terms of solar-based hydrogen production and prioritize the nominated alternatives. This step is highly valued because finding the most suitable place for this purpose can lead to substantial outcomes and consequently avoid failure. Therefore, here a 20-kW solar power plant is simulated by PVsyst 6.7 software and meteorological data of 31 capital cities is extracted using Meteonorm 7.1 software. Considering all losses associated with solar power plants, electricity and hydrogen generation are studied under the scenarios of using fixed optimal angle for solar cells, seasonally adjustable slope, single axis tacker and dual-axis tracker. Analyzing the impact of each technology on hydrogen production, MCDM approaches are applied to rank the stations considering 13 conflicting criteria. The numerical results demonstrate the minimum and maximum of hydrogen production for annual optimal angle scenario are related to Sari and Zahedan respectively with amounts of 457.4 kg/year and 671.5 kg/year. Also, under the optimal seasonal slope scenario hydrogen production efficiency increases by up to 3.8%. This figure for two other cases of single-axis tracker and dual-axis tracker is expected to be 30.6%, and 34.3%, respectively. Using the TOPSIS method, Yasuj is selected as the most suitable city for the purpose of this study. This recommendation is supported by the results of ranking analysis using WS, MAPPACC, and ELECTRE III methods. • Solar hydrogen production was investigated in Iran. • All 31 Iranian provinces were investigated and ranked for hydrogen production. • TOPSIS method was used for analysis. • Yasuj was chosen as the most suitable city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at scrutinizing the domestic solar energy potential for electricity and hydrogen production. Under the first scenario, it is sought to evaluate electricity generation for household purposes using RSUs (rooftop solar units). Then, under the second scenario, solar hydrogen production is analyzed for the purpose of meeting a hydrogen vehicle demand. For this, one of the aptest cities, Yazd, located in the center of Iran is investigated. Furthermore, a real-world electric load needed by an usual household in Yazd is deemed as the demand for electricity. To analyze the two scenarios, a system consisting of an 8.2 kW RSU for power generation, a battery for electricity storage, and a 1 kW electrolyzer for hydrogen yield is proposed. Also, to acquire a broader vision, predictions are made for the next 10, 20, 30, and 40 years. The results regarding the first scenario implied that COE (Cost of Electricity) would be, respectively, 0.067, 0.145, 0.136, and 0.127 $/kWh. In addition to supplying the electricity required by the house, 2,687 $/yr could be earned by selling the excess electricity generated, and 5,759 kg of CO2 would be avoided a year. The findings as to the second scenario showed that LCOH (levelized cost of hydrogen) would equate to 3.62, 6.53, 6.34, and 5.93 $/kg, respectively, for the aforementioned project lifetimes. Furthermore, 2,464 $/yr would be the revenue after selling the surplus electricity, and 7,820 kg of CO2 would be saved, annually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to enhance the site selection procedure for decision-makers to select the most effective wind-powered hydrogen refueling station via the aid of Fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision-making (FMCDM) approaches. To accomplish the purpose of the study, technical, economic, environmental, geographical, and social aspects constitute the influential criteria for prioritizing the eight aptest cities of Iran. Then, the Fuzzy Multi-criteria Optimization and Compromise Solution (FVIKOR) is employed to ascertain which alternative should be chosen as the most efficient one with respect to the criteria. In addition to several non-fuzzy MCDM techniques, the Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS) and a novel integrated method are applied for validation. Moreover, an FMCDM approach coupling FTOPSIS and FVIKOR has been introduced for the prioritization of different alternatives while many conflicting criteria exist. The simulation results of fuzzy and non-fuzzy approaches suggest that Manjil is the best option for the purpose of study. The numerical findings also imply utilizing a 100-kW turbine in Manjil generates 548,376 kWh of electricity, resulting in the prevention of 109,675 kg of CO 2 emissions and in the production of 8876 kg of hydrogen annually. • Enhancing the wind powered H 2 station selection procedure. • Utilization of MCDM approaches with 10 conflicting criteria. • Benchmarking the integrated method of FVIKOR-based FTOPSIS. • Sensitivity analysis of the nominated criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 pneumonia is responsible for the latest pandemics. Usage of pulmonary computed tomography (CT) scan is known to be an important method in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Here, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between CT severity score and capillary blood oxygen saturation in patients with COVID-19 infection. Patients and methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed in 2020 on patients with COVID-19 infection. All patients underwent pulmonary CT scan and CT severity score was calculated. The initial capillary oxygen saturation by the time of admission was also collected. Data were collected and analyzed. Results: A total number of 270 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection entered the study. The initial mean capillary oxygen saturation was 89.65 ± 8.09%. The mean score in patients was 15.16 ± 8.08. We also indicated that 27 patients had hypoxia by the time of admission and these patients had significantly higher CT severity scores (p = 0.001). Diabetes mellitus (p = 0.001), hypertension (p = 0.001), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (p = 0.03) and totally, having an underlying disease (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with decreased capillary oxygen saturation. Patients with hypertension (p = 0.001) and patients with the previous medical disease (p = 0.01) had significantly higher CT severity scores than others. There was a significant reverse relationship between CT severity score and capillary oxygen saturation (r = -0.44, p < 0.001). Conclusions: We showed that there was a significant reverse relationship between CT severity score and capillary oxygen saturation which has great clinical importance. Furthermore, we indicated that previous medical history could also play an important role in CT severity score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of site location is one of the critical tasks in developing or expanding any supply chain system including the construction of renewable power generation plants. The accurate identification of a plant site can considerably reduce unforeseen risks and costs and also raise productivity and efficacy. As such, this study sought to thoroughly evaluate all capital cities of a developing country for the establishment of a hybrid wind/solar power plant to produce hydrogen while considering the most influential and conflicting criteria. For this, 14 criteria including daily solar radiation, wind power density, clearness index, altitude, population, average sunny hours in a year, unemployment rate, average air temperature, average air humidity, average yearly precipitation, natural disasters, the distance between the site and the main road, average dusty days per year, and land price constituted the set of vital factors. To prioritize alternatives, a Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making approach named FVIKOR (Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Optimization and Compromise Solution) was used. The results indicated that among 31 capital cities, the city of Yazd with a wind power density of 309.5 W/m2 and daily solar radiation of 5.4 kWh/m2 would be the best location for the purpose of this study. To validate the findings, FTOPSIS (Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method was utilized and it also ranked Yazd as the first option. Then, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to discern the behavior of each criterion and their impact on the ranking of the cities. Finally, for hydrogen generation, an autonomous hybrid wind/solar system was techno-economically assessed using HOMER software. According to the analysis outcome, the proposed system showed a payback period of 7 years with levelized cost of 4.75 $/kg for hydrogen. • Utilizing Fuzzy VIKOR for accurate location planning of a stand-alone hybrid wind/solar site. • Proposing crucial and conflicting criteria for the process of prioritization. • Validating the results of ranking via FTOPSIS. • Investigating all 31 capital cities of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, feasibility of a new wind power generation system for urban application in Hormozgan Province of Iran is investigated. The wind turbine system in this study is a novel, aesthetically pleasing, noiseless, pollution-free, potentially cost-effective, and high efficiency design called tree-shaped wind turbine (TSWT). Techno-economic evaluation is performed on eight urban areas in the province using the software HOMER. Multi-criteria decision making approaches are used to prioritize the areas in terms of the best location for installing such a new system. The results of techno-economic analysis examining a wind power system consisting of 25 TSWTs show that the most electricity production would occur for Jask city which is 529,450 kWh/yr. Also, the least amount of electricity which is 339,275 kWh/yr belongs to Bandar Abbas. Considering the most important criteria including electricity production, levelized cost of electricity, population, land price, environmental impact, and frequency of natural disasters, data envelopment analysis, and the fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution are employed to rank the cities. The results are validated by two different methods. Finally, it is suggested that Sirik is the best location for using the aforementioned wind turbine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to perform a sensitivity analysis on the factors affecting wind site localization. A case study is selected based on 13 cities in the province of Fars in Iran which is equally applicable in any other wind sites. Then, the cities are ranked using the dual form of the data envelopment analysis model. Next, six criteria are adopted including wind conditions, population, Available Land condition, distance to distribution networks, rate of natural disasters, and the cost of land. In the sensitivity analysis of each criterion, first, the criterion under analysis is omitted from the model, and then the dual model is applied again to obtain a new ranking. Evaluating the results of the ranking for 13 studied cities indicate that the city of Shiraz is just sensitive to the population criterion and fell 11 places in the ranking by omitting this criterion. But the city is insensitive to any other criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Wind power potential by itself is not a good indicator of the suitability of a region for wind power generation for different purposes. Economic attractiveness is a better indicator in this regard as it stimulates the involvement of private businesses in this sector. Naturally, the shorter is the payback period or the time required to reach profitability, the more attractive will be the project. Considering the high wind energy potential of some regions of Iran, this study evaluates the wind energy available for generating electricity as well as hydrogen by industrial and agricultural sectors in four cities of Ardebil province, namely Ardebil, Khalkhal, Namin, and Meshkinshahr, and then conducts an econometric analysis accordingly. Wind power potentials are evaluated using the energy pattern factor and Weibull distribution function based on 5-year meteorological data of the studied regions. Economic evaluations are performed based on the present worth of incomes and costs, which are estimated for two models of wind turbines with 3.5 and 100 KW rated power. Results indicate that the cities of Namin and Ardebil with wind power densities of respectively 261.68 and 258.99 W/m2 have the best condition. The economic analysis conducted for turbines shows that for Ardebil, installation of the 3.5 KW and 100 KW turbines will have a payback period of 13 and 5 years, respectively. For Khalkhal, Namin, and Meshkinshahr, the only feasible option is installation of the 100 KW turbine, which would result in a payback period of respectively 10.2, 6.1 and 8.7 years. Then it is investigated how much hydrogen can be gained if these private sectors invest in producing hydrogen using nominated wind turbines. Highlights • Hydrogen production by renewable wind energy was investigated. • Feasibility of hydrogen energy for agricultural and industrial sectors was performed. • Economic evaluation was done for four cities of Ardebil province in Iran. • It was found that these sectors can produce 25% of their own need to electricity. • Yearly hydrogen of 5253 kg would be produced in Ardebil City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to provide a mathematical model for the determination of optimal wind power price in the case of construction of new off-grid-connected wind power plants in different areas. The proposed model is based on nine features including construction cost, side costs (cost of replacement, maintenance, and repairs), pollution, electricity generation, profit, renewability level, green economy, rate of return on investment, and consumption. First, the inputs of the mathematical model were obtained by technical–economic feasibility evaluation of the study areas in the software Homer using the 10-year wind speed data (2006–2016). The optimal wind power prices were then determined in three different modes by solving the mathematical model with MATLAB. The modes considered in optimization were the construction of 1, 2, and 3 wind power plants in the study areas. Simulation of construction of wind power plants in each mode was conducted in the software Homer. The results showed that the optimal wind power price resulting from construction of 1, 2, and 3 are 0.159, 0.151, and 0.140 $ per kilowatt, respectively. The proposed mathematical model was found to have sufficient capability in determination of optimal wind power price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drowning is the third leading cause of death due to unintentional injuries worldwide and accounts for 7% of all injury-related deaths. The aim of this study was to investigate the trend of deaths due to drowning in the provinces of Iran from 2017 to 2020. Methods: This is a descriptive study in which the data on deaths due to drowning during 2017-2020 were extracted from the Death Registration System of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (using the W65-W74 code based on the International Classification of Diseases ICD-10). We used population data from the population and housing census (2016) and population estimates for the years after the census, which were prepared and published by the Statistics Center of Iran. Results: According to the reports, 862, 853, 1126, and 1028 deaths due to drowning were registered in the Death Registration System of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. In all these years, 82% of deaths occurred in men. During these four years, 92-93% of these deaths occurred among Iranians, and 53-57% of them were in urban areas. The proportion of deaths according to age groups was 10% in less than 5-year-old children, 22-27% in the 5- to 17-year-old, and 24-29% in the 18- to 29-year-old ones. Death due to drowning ranked third in the age group of 5-14 years in 2019 and 2020 and fourth in the age group of 1-4 years in 2018 and 2020. In 2017, the highest rate of deaths (per 100000 population) due to drowning belonged to Khuzestan province (2.63). In 2018 and 2019, Bushehr province (2.91-3.19), and in 2020 Hormozgan province (3.20) had the highest number of deaths due to drowning. Conclusion: Depending on the different circumstances, at-risk population groups, and geographical conditions, provincial authorities should plan on preventing deaths and complications due to drowning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Isfahan COVID Cohort (ICC) study was designed to investigate the short- and long-term consequences of patients with COVID-19 in Iran. This report presents the rationale, methodology, and initial results of ICC. Materials and Methods: ICC is a 5-year multicentric prospective cohort study that is ongoing on two groups including 5000 patients hospitalized with moderate or severe and 800 nonhospitalized patients with mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 in Isfahan. The ICC endpoints are morbidity, mortality, incident cases, or worsening of underlying noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors. In the current analysis, we examined the persistent symptoms and incident NCDs or risk factors in 819 previously hospitalized patients who completed 1-year follow-up. Results: The two most common symptoms were joint pain/myalgia (19.7%) and dry cough/dyspnea (18.7%). Around 60% of patients had at least one symptom which was more common among women than men and in middle aged than younger or older patients. Female (odds ratio [OR] =1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39–2.55) and highly-educated patients (OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.56–3.04) had higher risk of having any symptom in 1-year follow-up. New cases of hypertension followed by diabetes then coronary heart disease (CHD) were the most common incident NCDs. Conclusion: During 1-year follow-up after hospital discharge, about 60% of patients experienced persistent symptoms. Incident hypertension, diabetes, and CHD were the most common events seen. Close monitoring and extensive health services with integrative approaches are needed to improve the health status of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Headaches are common neurologic problems for children and adolescents. They are divided into two types: primary and secondary. Primary headaches include migraines and tension-type as well as comprise the majority of headaches. We detect the causes of headaches and their associations with demographic variables among children and adolescents. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 5-15 year-old children with headaches from March 2010 to April 2012 who presented at a pediatric neurology clinic in Kashan, Iran. Diagnosis of headaches was done in accordance with the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Data regarding the type of headache, age, gender, pain severity, aura, family history, and sleep disorder were collected. Results One hundred fourteen children (44 male and 70 female) with headaches were enrolled in the study. The types of headaches were comprised as follows: 67 cases of migraines, 38 cases of tension-type headaches, 2 cases of cluster headaches, and 7 cases of secondary headaches. Pulsating headaches, family history of headaches, insomnia, and pain severity had higher prevalence in migrainous patients. Conclusion Physicians should extend their information gathering about primary and secondary headaches. Sleep disturbances and a family history of headaches were the most important factors associated with migraine headaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, hydrogen has constituted a clean energy carrier that can be gained by the use of renewable electricity. The most preliminary stage in the process of renewable hydrogen generation is to find the best place for exploiting the most energy. Thus, this study seeks to optimize the process of location selection for the construction of a solar power station. This evaluation is performed on 12 cities of Isfahan in Iran. After ascertaining 11 criteria of key importance, Window Data Envelopment Analysis (WDEA) Method is used to prioritize the cities according to the data for a period of 11 years. Consequently, the most promising site is technically and economically scrutinized as to hydrogen production using solar electricity. Results pertaining to the first part of the study showed that the city of Natanz was efficient over the entire studied period. Considering 4 cases of different performance rates, annual electricity generation using solar panel model X21-345 and hydrogen production using an alkaline electrolyzer were estimated for the city. The estimations indicated that hydrogen production under the worst and the best cases would be 2.22 kg and 5.55 leading to energy efficiency of between 2.5% and 7.1%, respectively. Finally, economic assessment proved promising results in which Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) would be between 0.5317 and 1.6272 $/kWh and Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) would vary from 0.7911 to 1.6778 $/kg. • Potential of solar energy is investigated for hydrogen production. • Twelve major cities in Isfahan province of Iran were evaluated. • Window Data Envelopment Analysis Method (WDEA) is used to rank the cities. • The validity of the results was assessed by the use of TOPSIS method. • City of Natanz was selected as the best for hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. We intended to explore the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its different stages, as well as CKD associated variables in the adult population in Isfahan province, Iran. Methods. Adults aged ≥ 18 were recruited in a cross-sectional study from 2017 to 2019. Data including demographics, anthropometrics, and laboratory findings were collected from each subject. The equation of chronic kidney disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) was used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and eGFR and UACR values were utilized to determine the stages of CKD. Results. Data from a total of 3374 subjects was analyzed. The mean age of participants was 49.3 ± 14.09 years and 59.3% were female. The prevalence of CKD was 18.5%. Only 0.25 and 3.5% of the population were in CKD stage 3 and 4, while most of the patients were in CKD stage 2 (7.6%) and stage 1 (7.1%). CKD patients were mostly on refined grains diet and used lesser dairy products compared to healthy participants. Variables including systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.018; P < .001), diastolic blood pressure (OR = 1.005; P < .05), fasting blood sugar (OR = 1.011; P < .001), female sex (OR = 1.319; P < .05), body mass index (OR = 1.030; P < .05), married status (OR = 1.335; P < .05), and smoking (OR = 1.529; P < .05) were significantly associated with increased risk of CKD in the logistic regression analysis. Conclusion. According to our results, the prevalence of CKD, especially stages 1 and 2, is quite high in central part of Iran. These findings help us to improve the screening for CKD patients and perform larger scale studies to identify the challenges ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Worldwide, hepatitis A is a common infection during childhood especially in developing countries. It can cause severe complications in adults and patients with underlying diseases. Objectives: This study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis A in 1 - 15 year-old children of Kashan. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 666 one to fifteen year-old children from health-care centers in Kashan city during 2012. Total antibodies against hepatitis A were measured in sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Totally, 3.9% of children were seropositive. Mean number of family members was 3.92 ± 0.89. There was no difference in seroprevalence of hepatitis A relative to sex, family size, mean age and age groups. Conclusions: In this city, a great proportion of children are susceptible to hepatitis A and it's complications at an older age. This decrease in seropositivity may be caused by elevated hygiene level. According to our results hepatitis A vaccination is recommended at early childhood such as that of other regions where low prevalence of hepatitis A infection is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]