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This study attends to evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant capacity and enzyme inhibition effects of different solvent of Potentilla reptans L. (P. reptans) root extracts (ethyl acetate fraction and methanolic extract) from Iran. The extracts were probed for the total phenolic and flavonoid content. The phytochemical profile was determined using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (LC)–tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technique. The DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, ABTS, metal chelating, and phosphomolybdenum assays were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking and ADMET analysis were carried out on their identified compounds to predict the compounds' pharmacokinetic indicators and toxicity. The results exhibited that the ethyl acetate fraction has higher levels of total phenolics (120.87 ± 0.63 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (2.47 ± 0.02 mg RE/g) contents compared to the methanol extract (120.87 ± 0.63 mg GAE/g and 1.33 ± 0.07 mg RE/g, respectively). Moreover, antioxidant assays revealed that ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated higher radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS) and reducing abilities (FRAP and CUPRAC) than the methanol extract. While, the methanol extract exhibited a stronger chelating ability (22.29 mg EDTAE/g) compared to the ethyl acetate fraction (19.34 mg EDTAE/g). LC/MS analysis exerted 18 compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction and 20 compounds in the methanol extract, including phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins and their derivatives. However, the most of compounds were similar in the both of them. In AChE, BChE, and amylase enzyme inhibition assays, the methanolic extract exhibited higher activity compared with the ethyl acetate fraction. While, the both of them showed similar inhibitory abilities in the tyrosinase inhibition test, but, no significant activity against glucosidase. Based on the results of phytochemical, biological, and computational studies, P. reptans root can be regarded as a potential source of ingredients for the innovative pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. [Display omitted] • The ethyl acetate fraction of P. reptans root reveals higher levels of total phenolics and flavonoids contents. • The ethyl acetate fraction shows higher antioxidant activity. • Chemical profile and LC-MS/MS analysis exerts phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins as major compounds. • Generally, the methanolic extract exhibited higher enzyme inhibitory activity compared with the ethyl acetate fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a chemical compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity and acts as a free radical scavenger. Elaeagnus angustifolia (EA) is a plant native to the western part of Iran, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study been taken evaluated the protective effect afforded by EA and NAC extracts on carrageenan-induced acute lung injury in Wistar rats. In this study, 42 rats were randomly assigned into seven groups. NAC and EA extracts were orally administered once/day for 21 continuous days. Pulmonary damage was induced by intratracheal injection of 100 μl of 2% λ-Carrageenan on day 21. Twenty-four hours post-surgery, the rats were euthanized and the samples were collected. Pretreatment with NAC and EA extracts reduced the total and differential cell accumulation as well as IL-6, and TNF-α cytokines. Antioxidant indicators demonstrate that in the groups receiving NAC and EA extract, MDA decreased while thiol and antioxidant capacity elevated. Treatment with NAC and EA significantly reduced Carrageenan-induced pathological pulmonary tissue injury. NAC and EA extract has protective effects on acute carrageenan-induced lung injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic. There is an urgent need for finding efficient medical treatments to diminish the high mortality rate of the mutant variants of the virus. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of edaravone in patients with moderate COVID-19. Methods. This single-center non-randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on hospitalized patients with moderate COVID-19. The patients were divided into two groups of intervention (n=17) and control (n=16). Patients in the intervention group received three doses of edaravone (30 mg) for three interval days (Days 2, 4, and 6). Admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), need for intubation, and mortality were the primary outcomes. Results. All cases had 15-60% lung involvement. Although edaravone reduced the admission to ICU, need for intubation, and mortality rate in patients with moderate COVID-19, the results were not statistically significant. Baseline characteristics, admission days, and clinical parameters were similar between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion. Administration of edaravone 30 mg for three days had no significant effect on the overall outcome of patients with moderate COVID-19. Practical Implications. In this study, none of the COVID-19 patients receiving edaravone had ICU admission, intubation, and mortality. However, no significant difference was found between the clinical outcomes of the control and intervention groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Melissa officinalis belongs to plant Lamiaceae family and is native to Iran as well as other countries. The aim of this study was to identify chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of the M. officinalis essential oil (EO). Another aim of this paper was to assess antimicrobial activity of M. officinalis EO on growth of clinical and commercial strains causing infection. Materials and Methods: Chemical compositions of the M. officinalis EO were analyzed using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant potential was assessed using ß-carotene/linoleic acid inhibition and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl methods. The total phenol content was analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antimicrobial activities of the M. officinalis EO were assessed using disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, micro-well dilution, agar dilution and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Results: Major compositions of the M. officinalis EO included geranyl acetate (27.9 %), citral (14.2%), Z-citral (9.8%) citronellal (8.4%) and citronellol (7.6%). The total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of the M. officinalis EO included 51 ±0.50 mg GAE/g and 98 ±0.45 µg/ml, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the M. officinalis EO ranged 0.5-4 mg/ml, while the MBC ranged 1-8 mg/ml. A significant correlation was seen between the inhibition zone diameters (IZD) and concentration of the EO. The smallest IZD was reported for various concentrations of the M. officinalis EO on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: In general, results showed that the M. officinalis EO included greater inhibitory effects on commercial bacterial strains causing infections, compared to those of clinical bacterial strains. The M. officinalis EO have the greatest effect on gram-positive bacteria. This compound is an effective free radical scavenger rich in phenolic compounds. Further studies are necessary to investigate toxicity of the M. officinalis EO due to its safety for human use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Under normal physiological condition, melanosomal melanin acts as a natural UV photoprotective filter. However, after long exposure to UV radiation, melanin has shown to involve in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and increases the risk of developing ageing, melasma and melanoma skin cancers. A number of plant polyphenols influenced the melanin biosynthesis and growth of various melanoma cells through their anti-tyrosinase activity as well as antioxidant effect. Objective: In this study, we evaluated the anti-melanogeneic and cytotoxic effects of methanol extract of Phlomis caucasica (Lamiaceceae) on human melanoma SKMEL-3 cells. Methods: The level of antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase capacity of MeOH extract from P. caucasica (MPc) were evaluated in vitro by DPPHradical scavengingandmushroomtyrosinase activity assays, respectively. Moreover, the effects of MPconthe melanin content, cellular tyrosinase activity and cytotoxicity (using MTT assay) on human melanoma SKMEL-3 cells were determined 72 hours after the treatment. Results: The results showed that MPc weakly inhibited DPPH radicals and mushroom tyrosinase activity with SC50 = 1.037 mg/mL and IC50 = 1.316 mg/mL, respectively. The cytotoxicity assay showed that its IC50 value was approximately 0.134 mg/mL (0.09791 to 0.1834) on SKMEL-3 cells. The extract had no effect on the melanin content at concentrations of ≤0.1 mg/mL. Additionally, no effect on cellular tyrosinase activity was observed at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.25 mg/mL of MPc. Conclusions: The results obtained suggest that the P. caucasica extract can reveal cytotoxic effect on human melanoma SKMEL-3 cells at higher concentrations of 0.1 mg/mL. Therefore, it can be considered as a good candidate for anti-melanoma therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the present study we aimed to quantify marrubiin, as the major active compound, in the aerial parts of Marrubium vulgare from Iran using a HPTLC-densitometry technique. Methods: Quantitative determination of marrubiin in M. vulgare methanol extract was performed by HPTLC analysis via a fully automated TLC scanner. Later on, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the M. vulgare methanol extract was determined using 1,1- diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, total phenolics and flavonoids contents of the methanol extract were quantified, spectrophotometrically. Results: The amount of marrubiin was calculated as 156 mg/g of M. vulgare extract. The antioxidant assay revealed a strong radical scavenging activity for the M. vulgare methanol extract with RC50 value of 8.24µg/mL. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents for M. vulgare were determined as 60.4 mg gallic acid equivalent and 12.05 mg quercetin equivalent per each gram of the extract, correspondingly. Conclusion: The presented fingerprint of marrubiin in M. vulgare extract developed by HPTLC densitometry afforded a detailed chemical profile, which might be useful in the identification as well as quality evaluation of herbal medications based on M. vulgare. Besides, the considerable antioxidant activity of M. vulgare was associated with the presence of marrubiin along with phenolics and flavonoids exerting a synergistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oil (EO), polar and nonpolar sub-fractions of methanolic extract ofFerulago bernardii. The chemical constituent of the EO was identified by means of GC–MS. The antimicrobial activities of the EO, polar and nonpolar extracts were evaluated by micro-dilution and agar disc diffusion assays. The antioxidant activity was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay. The main components of the EO wereα-pinene (35.03%), z-β-ocimene (14.24%) and bornyl acetate (11.64%).Bacillus cereusandSalmonella typhimuriumwere the most susceptible and resistant to the antibacterial activity of the essential oil and extract, respectively. The free radical scavenging activities of all extracts and the essential oil were in the order: polar > non-polar > EO. Our findings indicate thatF. bernardiiessential oil and methanolic extract has a potential to be applied as antimicrobial and antioxidant agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes in the world is rapidly rising. Hemoglobin A1C is the best marker for the control and management of diabetes. This study aimed to determine the protective effect of Satureja khozestanica essential oil (SKE) on hemoglobin A1C, urea and creatinine in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty male rats were divided into three groups randomly; group one as control, group two untreated diabetic, and group three treated with SKE by 500 ppm in drinking water, respectively. Diabetes was induced in the second and third groups by alloxan injection subcutaneously (120 mg/kg). After 8 weeks, the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1C, urea and creatinine of all groups were analyzed. Also, free radical scavenging of SKE was determined. Results: The level of FBG, hemoglobin A1C, urea and creatinine decreased in the treated group significantly. Also, SKE and BHT as positive control showed remarkable scavenging activity on 2, 2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), respectively (IC50 5.30 ± 0.11 and 3.88 ± 0.12 ng/ml). Conclusion: This study showed that EKS exerts beneficial effects on the FBG, hemoglobin A1C, urea and creatinine level in Type 1 diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant activities of the methanolic extracts of 9 Salvia species and 15 other Lamiaceae plants growing in Iran were evaluated using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays. FRAP values ranged form 8.5 to 79.0 microM quercetin equivalents/g dry weight, and IC50 values in the DPPH assay from 115.7 to 1350.2 microg dry weight/mL. Salvia species showed the highest antioxidant activities. S. santolinifolia, S. eremophila and S. palestina, which have not been studied before, were the most active plants. These were more active than the previously studied species from this family, such as S. multicaulis and Marrubium vulgare. S. hydrangea and Gontscharovia popovii also showed high antioxidant activities. FRAP and DPPH assay results showed good correlations with the total phenolic contents of the plants, measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay (r2 = 0.925 and 0.799, respectively, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, our study shows that some Lamiaceae plants growing in Iran represent good potential sources of natural antioxidants useful for either prevention or treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases.

The in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and its two main components of Grammosciadium scabridum Boiss. (Apiaceae) growing wild in Iran, as well as the composition of its essential oil were studied. A total of 19 compounds representing 99.9% of the oil has been identified. Gamma-Terpinene (73.5%), p-cymene (14.2%) and (E)-beta-farnesene (5.3%) were characterized as the main components. The oil showed remarkable activity against three Gram-negative and four Gram-positive test bacteria, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.31 to 10.00 mg/ml. The oil and its two main components were also subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity by using the 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The free radical scavenging capacity of the oil was determined with an IC50 value of 6.6 mg/ml.