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Background. Since the ants play a key role in transmitting microorganisms, it is important to identify the fungal species isolated from the external surfaces of ants caught from hospitals. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the fungal species isolated from the external surfaces of ants caught from Babol hospitals. Methods. Ants were collected by trapping inside sterile tubes and were washed with normal saline for 20 seconds. Then, 100 μL of the resulting solution was cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium and incubated for one week at 35C°. Macroscopic, microscopic, and RFLP-PCR molecular techniques were employed to confirm the grown isolates. Results. A total of 79 fungal isolates including 47 isolates of hyaline fungi (59.49%) and 32 isolates of black fungi (40.51%) were obtained from 63 captured ants. Out of 47 cultured fungi, 15 fungi (31.91%) were Aspergillus niger and 15 (31.91%) were A. flavus, 12 (25.53%) were A. fumigatus and 5 isolates were Penicillium (10.63%). Conclusion. Taking into account the increasing number of immunocompromised patients, outbreak of COVID-19 in recent years, and numerous reports about the invasive fungal diseases among COVID-19 patients, it was found necessary to control the ants as carriers of these organisms. Practical Implications. It was necessary to control these insects effectively in order to prevent the increasing prevalence of the fungal diseases among the hospitalized people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dermatophytosis, a prevalent fungal infection, often exhibits treatment failure. It poses ongoing public health concerns, urging exploration of alternative treatment strategies. This study examines eucalyptol's in vitro activity and its interaction with antifungal agents against dermatophyte isolates. Methods: Overall, 489 patients clinically suspected of dermatophytosis were investigated, and the causative agents were molecularly identified. The antifungal activity of eucalyptol, itraconazole, terbinafine, and griseofulvin was assessed according to the guideline of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI M38 ed3). The interaction between eucalyptol and the aforementioned antifungals was determined using a checkerboard method. Results: Dermatophytosis was confirmed in 30 out of 489 (6.13%) patients, with a female-to-male ratio of 3:2 and an age range of 8–67 years. The most commonly observed clinical manifestation was tinea corporis (34.21%), and Trichophyton indotineae (n = 14, 46%) was the most common causative agent. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed that eucalyptol exhibited antidermatophyte properties with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.78 to 25 mg/mL. Itraconazole demonstrated the lowest geometric mean (GM) value (MIC range: 0.0019–0.25 µg/mL, GM: 0.015 µg/mL), while griseofulvin exhibited the highest GM value (MIC range: 0.125–8 µg/mL, GM: 2.37 µg/mL). The in vitro interaction of eucalyptol with antifungal drugs, except for its combination with terbinafine against two Trichophyton tonsurans isolates resulting in synergistic effects, showed indifference (n = 70, 77.77%) and antagonistic types (n = 18, 20%). Conclusion: Among the evaluated antifungals, itraconazole demonstrated the highest effectiveness against clinical isolates, while eucalyptol alone exhibited a more pronounced effect than when combined with antifungal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acanthamoeba, a widely distributed free-living amoeba with 20 genotypes identified through rRNA gene sequencing, exhibits varying degrees of pathogenicity influenced by its genotype. This study focuses on assessing the prevalence of Acanthamoeba species in the surface waters of Ilam, located in western Iran, utilizing morphological analysis and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene through the PCR method. A total of 50 water samples were collected from various regions within Ilam city, situated in the southwest of Iran. To isolate Acanthamoeba parasites from the samples, a culture method was used, and all utilized culture media were scrutinized through microscopic and molecular techniques. The parasite’s genotype was determined by sequencing a 500-bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene. Using microscopic and molecular methods, 19 and 16 water samples tested positive, respectively. The 18S rRNA sequences revealed that the isolates belonged to the T4, T2, and T11 genotypes. This study emphasizes the presence and inclination for close contact with highly pathogenic genotypes of Acanthamoeba in the surface waters of Ilam City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are blood‐sucking parasite and transmit pathogens to humans, domestic and wild animals. Ticks are seriously damage the production of sheep and goats, resulting in heavy economic loss to farmers. The present study investigated microscopic and molecular identification of ticks and tick‐borne anaplasmosis infesting sheep and goats in three agro‐ecological zones of Pakistan. The collected ticks were identified at species level based on their morphological features through microscopy by using taxonomic keys. Four Rhipicephalus (R.) species namely: R. guilhoni Rh. geigyi, R. annulatus, R. pulchellus, two Haemaphysalis (Hae) spp. Hae. sulcate, Hae. punctate, one Ixodes ricinus and Hyalomma anatolicum were identified. The morphological variations in their body sizes, scutal pattern, female genital opening, spiracular plate length and male adanal plate were recorded. Furthermore, we assessed the effectiveness of utilizing the 16S rRNA gene sequence to differentiate Anaplasma samples at the species level. Microscopically suspected positive blood samples for Anaplasma were subjected to DNA extraction. Anaplasma was observed in the blood of 14 animals. The sequence similarity between Anaplasma marginale and the reference genome were 99.25%, while below this value indicating a distinct species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close similarity with A. marginale isolates from Iran, Vietnam and Pakistan This study contributes to the epidemiology of ticks and TBPs in the KP province and highlights the importance of proactive TBP surveillance in livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been utilized in different fields over the last decades. These nanoparticles can pose significant risks to various organs such as the liver. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on liver histology, serum biochemistry, and spatial arrangement of the hepatocytes in the female New Zealand white rabbit. Methods: The rabbits received 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg of the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) intraperitoneally once every 3 days for 28 days. The serum levels of the aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and zinc were assessed 48 hr following the first administration. The histopathological changes and Voronoi tessellation were evaluated after the last administration. Results: Our findings showed that the ZnO NPs significantly increased the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and zinc. The histopathological findings showed ballooning degeneration, and sinusoidal congestion in ZnO NPs administrated groups. The Voronoi tessellation diagrams also confirmed that ZnO NPs changed the regular spatial arrangement of hepatocytes to random and cluster patterns. Conclusion: In conclusion, the ZnO NPs alter the liver spatial arrangement and induce hepatic pathological changes that may affect liver function in rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hadjelia truncata is a spirurida nematode with an indirect life cycle that can infect the digestive system of birds. Different beetles can be intermediate hosts. Birds were infected by ingesting beetles containing infective larvae. The worms can be diagnosed by light microscope and molecular techniques. The disease manifestation among birds can range from asymptomatic to severe, leading to death. This report describes the infection of quails' gizzards with H. truncata in Iran. Twenty-five referred gastrointestinal tracts of naturally dead quails were inspected. Eighteen H. Truncata nematodes were removed from 6 gizzards (24%) of 25 gastrointestinal samples. All the removed worms were located between the submucosal and muscular layers of the infected gizzards. Because of postmortem alterations, the histopathological sections of infected gizzards could not be performed. This report is the first observation of H. truncata infection among quails. This worm has been previously reported among pigeons (Columba livia domestica) and hoopoes (Upupa epops). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Histomoniasis is caused by the protozoan Histomonas meleagridis with an intermediate host of Heterakis gallinarum, which results in ulceration of the ceca walls, enlargement of the ceca by large casts, mesenteric inflammation, and liver necrosis. This disease is very important in Iran's growing turkey breeding industry. Objectives: The present study aims to evaluate the relative frequency of H. meleagridis infection in different turkey flocks to draw a cross-sectional picture of H. meleagridis infection in Golestan, Mazandaran, Guilan, and Tehran provinces of Iran. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional survey of H. meleagridis infection during spring. Dropping samples were taken from backyard and commercial turkey flocks. After taking the fecal samples, they were investigated by Giemsa staining under a light microscope. A PCR test was performed to confirm the diagnosis of infection. Results: Out of 240 samples (from 19 flocks), 20 infected samples were detected by direct microscopic observation of H. meleagridis, and PCR confirmed 15 samples. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the relative frequency of H. meleagridis infection was lower than in similar studies in other parts of the world. This finding may be due to Iran's less widespread use of turkey production. Considering the growth of the turkey production industry in Iran over the last decade and its further production over the next few years, it is necessary to evaluate histomoniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the global status and genetic diversity of Microsporidia infection in different birds. An online search was conducted in international databases from 1 January 1990 to 30 June 2022. A total of 34 articles (including 37 datasets) were included for the final meta-analysis. The pooled global prevalence of Microsporidia infection in birds was 14.6% (95% CI: 11.6–18.1). The highest prevalence of Microsporidia was found in wild waterfowl which was 54.5% (28.1–78.6). In terms of detection methods, the pooled prevalence was estimated to be 21.2% (95% CI: 12.1–34.4) and 13.4% (95% CI: 10.3–17.3) for using microscopic and molecular detection methods, respectively. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was the most common pathogen (24/31; 77.42% of the studies) according to PCR-based methods, and genotype D was the highest reported genotype (nine studies). In conclusion, designing strategies for the control and prevention of Microsporidia infection in birds should be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient Ardaxšīr Khwarrah, today known as Shahr-e Gur, situated near the modern town of Firuzabad in Fars, Iran, holds historical significance as the inaugural capital city of the Sasanian Empire. During archaeological excavations conducted in 2005 by an Iranian–German team directed by Mas'oud Azarnoush and Dietrich Huff, a mud-brick complex was uncovered, revealing a remarkably well-preserved stretch of wall painting and a polychrome painted floor. The discovery prompted the hypothesis of a potential funerary context dating back to the Sasanian period. Both the wall painting and painted floor have suffered extensive deterioration attributed to the environmental conditions of the archaeological site, which was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2020. To address the urgent need for preservation and further understanding of the site's artistic and structural elements, an emergency diagnostic project was initiated. Non-invasive investigations were carried out on the wall and floor by optical digital microscopy and portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Additionally, representative minute samples underwent analysis through various techniques, including micro-X-ray fluorescence, polarised light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The palette of the floor and mural paintings were identified to contain red and yellow ochres, lead-based pigments, carbon black and bone white. The unexpected presence of Egyptian blue mixed with green earth was recognised in the green hues of the wall painting. The detection of protein material in both the wall painting and polychrome floor indicates the use of "a secco" technique, thereby shedding light on the artistic practices employed in Ardaxšīr Khwarrah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Periapical cyst and granuloma are inflammatory endodontic lesions. Periapical granuloma usually heals spontaneously after endodontic treatment; however, periapical cyst mostly needs to be removed via surgical approaches. Although some clinicians believe that microscopic examination of periapical lesions is unnecessary, it is proved that some of them has non-endodontic nature that need critical consideration. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the disagreement between clinicoradiographic and microscopic diagnosis of periapical cysts and granulomas in a major center of oral pathology service in Iran. Materials and Method: In this retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study, the archives of the oral and maxillofacial pathology department of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences served as the source of the material during an 18-year-period for this retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study. The reports of all patients whose initial clinical diagnosis was a periapical cyst/granuloma were extracted. Results: In the present study, 474 cases were diagnosed with a periapical cyst/granuloma clinico-radiographically, of which 61 cases (12.86%) received a microscopic diagnosis of a non-endodontic pathology. The most frequent lesion was odontogenic keratocyst (n= 12, 19.67%) followed by infected odontogenic cyst (n= 12, 19.67%). About 21.31% of diagnoses were non-cystic lesions and 4.9% were malignancies. The most odontogenic tumors that were diagnosed as periapical cyst/granuloma in clinico-radiography were the ameloblastoma variants (n= 4, 6.55%). Conclusion: A wide variety of microscopic diagnoses, including aggressive lesions such as ameloblastoma, as well as other malignant lesions was noted in this study. These misdiagnoses can lead to an inappropriate treatment plan. It is important to microscopically examine all lesions removed from the jaw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Rodents are one of the most abundant and diverse species of mammals and have recently been identified as carriers of numerous human pathogens. The current study was conducted to assess the prevalence, subtype (STs) distribution, and zoonotic potential of Blastocystis spp. in various species of rodents in Shiraz, southwestern Iran. Methods: For this aim, a total of 120 fresh fecal samples were collected from Mus musculus (n = 40), Rattus norvegicus (n = 40), and Rattus rattus (n = 40) in various municipality districts of Shiraz (6 out of 10 districts) between February and November 2020. Upon detecting parasites using light microscopy, a DNA fragment of the Blastocystis SSU rDNA gene was amplified using conventional PCR. Results: By employing direct wet mount examination, 8 out of 120 fecal samples (6.7%; 2 from house mice, 3 from black rats, and 3 from brown rats) tested positive. Similarly, 5% (2/40) of house mice, 7.5% (3/40) of black rats, and 7.5% (3/40) of brown rats tested positive using the molecular method. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Blastocystis infecting different rodent species in Shiraz belonged to two potentially zoonotic STs (ST1 and ST4). Accordingly, rodents should not be overlooked as potential reservoirs of zoonotic Blastocystis infections. Different sampled urban districts and their statistical association with reported prevalence rates were analyzed separately. Conclusion: Overall, the issue of the frequency and ST distribution of Blastocystis in urban rodents of Iran is still open to question and for a proper understanding, wider and more comprehensive studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presented here applied various analytical techniques to examine a small fragmented painted gypsum plaster with heart motifs discovered at the Sasanian site of Vigol, Central Iran, to identify the materials used to produce the plaster. The plaster and its paint layer were analysed by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy methods. The results revealed that the plaster layer is made of gypsum with some impurities—mainly soil minerals—with the concentration of these impurities being less at the surface of the plaster. It was also discovered that the heart motifs were painted using minium red lead pigment. As the main damage to the plaster is fragmentation, conservation included joining the fragments and consolidating the surface of the plaster. Finally, a preservation box using transparent polycarbonate plates was designed and manufactured for the display and handling of the newly restored plaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teucrium persicum Boiss. an Iranian endemic plant is used in Iranian traditional medicine. E-cadherin transmembrane protein participates in adherens junctions and is the main partner for β-catenin protein. The GC-MS analysis was used to detect the chemical constituents of the methanolic extract. Its effects on the transcription of the E-cadherin encoding gene, cellular levels, and localization of E-cadherin protein in PC-3 cells were investigated. About 70 chemical constituents were identified. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and western blotting results revealed the restoration of E-cadherin protein at cell adhesion contact sites in cells treated with T. persicum extract. Gene expression studies revealed that the extract increased the transcription of the E-cadherin encoding gene in PC-3 cells. These results suggest that T. persicum extract may contain potent compounds that provide further support for the anticancer properties of T. persicum. Surely, detailed molecular investigations are needed to find the mechanism(s) behind these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tumor survival, promotion, and metastatic functions are regulated by the tumor microenvironment (TME). The primo vascular system (PVS), the third circulatory system in animals, is currently thought to be a highly effective pathway for the spread of cancer cells. Objectives: In the present study, we intend to determine the TME effects on the PVS pattern in breast cancer for the first time. Methods: Heterotopic and orthotopic metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) mice models were created. After 35 days, the skin was retracted, and a 2 cm skin incision was made up and down from the surface of the tumor tissue. In preparation for PVS staining, the dyes (trypan blue and alamarBlue) were injected throughout the tumor tissues. Under a stereomicroscope, PVS in heterotopic and orthotopic tumors was seen. Results: According to our data, there are no appreciable variations in PVS patterns and density between heterotopic and orthotopic animal models. Furthermore, alamarBlue is a good option for tumor PVS staining, as demonstrated by our research. Conclusion: For the first time, our data gave significant new information about the PVS in TNBC. Creating new anti-cancer treatments may be made possible by a better understanding of the biological characteristics of the TME and PVS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A limestone relief fragment with a figure in a winged disk from the fifth-century BCE Hall of 100 Columns at Persepolis in southwestern Iran that entered the Harvard Art Museums' collections in 1943 preserves significant traces of its original coloration and has played a key role in the rediscovery of polychromy at the Achaemenid Persian capital. After tracing the fragment's journey to Cambridge, MA, this article presents the results of recent technical studies of its pigment remains, including visible light-induced infrared luminescence (VIL) imaging, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, and the analysis of micro samples by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and polarizing light microscopy (PLM). The new scientific data is compared to the findings of ongoing investigations of polychromies at Persepolis and other Achaemenid Persian sites and evaluated for the information it can and cannot provide on the original appearance of the figure in the winged disk, likely the Zoroastrian god Ahuramazda. The article reviews past attempts at reconstructing the relief's coloration and the assumptions that guided them, recounts the experience of creating a tangible three-dimensional color reconstruction for an exhibition, and concludes with some general thoughts on the valuation of colorfulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhazya stricta is a major medicinal species used in indigenous medicinal herbal medications in South Asia, the Middle East, Iran, and Iraq to treat a variety of ailments. The current study aimed to investigate the antifungal properties of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) made from R. stricta aqueous extract and its alkaline aqueous fraction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmitted electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize AgNPs. The produced extracts and AgNPs were tested for their antifungal efficacy against four Fusarium spp. All of the characterization experiments proved the biosynthesis of targeted AgNPs. FTIR showed a wide distribution of hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, and alkyl functional groups among all preparations. The DLS results showed that the produced Aq-AgNPs and the Alk-AgNPs had an average size of 95.9 nm and 54.04 nm, respectively. On the other hand, TEM results showed that the Aq-AgNPs and Alk-AgNPs had average diameters ranging from 21 to 90 nm and 7.25 to 25.32 nm. Both AgNPs absorbed UV light on average at 405 nm and 415 nm, respectively. Regarding the fungicidal activity, the highest doses of Aq-extract and Aq-AgNPs inhibited the mycelial growth of F. incarnatum (19.8%, 87.5%), F. solani (28.1%, 72.3%), F. proliferatum (37.5%, 75%), and F. verticillioides (27.1%, 62.5%), respectively (p < 0.001). Interestingly, the Alk-fraction had stronger inhibition than the biosynthesized AgNPs, which resulted in complete inhibition at the doses of 10% and 20% (p < 0.001). Furthermore, microscopic analysis demonstrated that both AgNPs caused obvious morphological alterations in the treated organisms when compared to the control. In conclusion, R. stricta's Aq-extract, alkaline fraction, and their biosynthesized AgNPs show substantial antifungal efficacy against several Fusarium spp. It is the first study to highlight the prospective biological activities of R. stricta Aq-extract and its alkaline fraction against F. incarnatum, F. proliferatum, and F. verticillioides. In addition, it is the first opportunity to deeply investigate the ultrastructural changes induced in the Fusarium species treated with R. stricta crude Aq-extract and its biosynthesized AgNPs. More studies are required to investigate their biological effect against other Fusarium or fungal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Tympanoplasty is a widely performed surgical procedure for chronic otitis media (COM), and efforts are being made globally to establish standardized surgical techniques. This study sought to compare the postoperative outcomes of endoscopic and microscopic approaches in COM patients. Materials & Methods: This randomized clinical trial of an open-label design was performed on 34 patients who were candidates for tympanoplasty surgery due to chronic otitis media in Urmia Imam Khomeini hospital from April to December 2022. Patient allocation was performed by grouping participants according to odd or even numbers, with half assigned to the endoscopic group and the remaining half assigned to the microscopic group. Demographic data, pain severity, operation duration, and graft success rate preoperatively and 3 and 6 months postoperatively were evaluated. Independent samples t-test, Chi-square test, and SPSS version 21were used to analyze data. A P-value ˂0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: No significant difference was reported in terms of pre and postoperative pure tone audiometry conditions between the two groups. Significantly lower operation time (65.83 ± 11.6 minutes) was reported in the endoscopic group compared to the microscopic group (P=0.001). The graft success rate in the microscopic and endoscopic groups was 77.8% and 75%, respectively, which was not statistically significantly different (P = 0.84). A significant difference was observed between microscopic and endoscopic groups in the pain score of patients immediately after surgery (5.66 ±18.1 and 3.75 ± 1, retrospectively) and one day after surgery (5.50 ± 1.9 and 3.62 ± 0.95, respectively) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Endoscopic tympanoplasty technique has demonstrated comparable efficacy in improving hearing loss as the conventional method. However, its advantages in terms of reduced operating time and postoperative pain suggest that it may emerge as the preferred approach for tympanoplasty surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Checking the quality of meat products is very important. The purpose of this research is to investigate the presence of unauthorized tissues in this product to improve its quality and safety level and promote the health of society. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, sausages with meat percentages of 40, 55 and 70 were randomly purchased from three factories (10 pieces each) and divided into three pieces and then three slides from each piece with hematoxylin-eosin method was prepared (270 slides in total). Finally, 10 microscopic fields were examined from each slide. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software. At the level of less than 5%, the difference between the groups was considered significant and the results were shown as Mean ± SD. Furthermore, the frequency percentage of tissues in each of the sausages was calculated. Results: Cartilage tissue, bone, skin, kidney, salivary gland, blood vessel, abdominal viscera and plant tissues were observed in all meat products. However, central nervous system and spleen tissues were not seen in any of the samples. In sausage 40%, the highest frequency percentage of tissue was related to skin, in sausage 55%, skin and kidney, and in sausage 70%, kidney. In addition, the amount of illegal tissues was different in 40%, 55% and 70% sausages and this difference was significant in many tissues. Conclusion: By using histological methods, it is possible to detect illegal tissues in meat products and obligate factories to comply with the national standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A population of the genus Devibursaphelenchus was collected from the inner part of the decaying Persian oak tree (Quercus brantii) from Lordegan city of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran. The morphological and molecular characters confirmed the new species, namely D. lordeganensis sp. n. The new species is characterised by female body length (768-1026 μ m), lip region separated from the rest of the body by a slight constriction, obscure lines on lateral fields, stylet length long, slender, wide-lumened, tripartite, composed of a conus with an aperture about half its length, a conophore about equal with the conus, and a shaft, taller than (conus + conophore) length, lacking basal knobs or swelling, excretory pore ca three metacorpal lengths posterior to the base of the metacorpus, post-uterine sac (PUS) (36-67 μ m long; 1.3-3.7 times longer than vulval body diam.), absence or vestigial of rectum and anus, posterior end of the body conical with a rounded tip (in some specimens with a spherical protruded projection at tail tip), males 668 to 815 μ m long, presence of two pairs of caudal papillae (P2 and P3), spicule length (15-17 μ m) with long and wide bladed condylus, triangular rostrum with a blunt tip and small bursa flap ending at the tail tip. The molecular phylogeny based on 28S rDNA revealed that the new species stands close to D. alienae (LC629160) and D. lini (FJ768944, AM396570). The measurements, line illustrations, light microscopy photographs and phylogenetic analysis are given for the new species. In addition, a key to the species of Devibursaphelenchus is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The rheologic, mechanical, and pharmacological characteristics of hyaluronic acid (HA) gels vary in terms of their specific crosslinking technologies. Objective To evaluate the various characteristics of selected HA gels available in Iran, using simple, inexpensive, and reproducible experimental tests are necessary to better understand their appropriateness for specific indications. Methods The HA gels produced by various crosslinking technologies were evaluated by three experiments, including cohesivity, resistance to stretch, and microscopic examination. The gels subjected to these experiments in this study included Neuramis, Desirial, Belotero, Restylane, and Juvéderm. Results We found that cohesivity was different among the gels so that Desirial was the least cohesive and Belotero was the most cohesive gel. Other HA gels were observed as partially cohesive. The resistance to stretch test confirmed the cohesivity results and Belotero had the most significant resistance. Microscopic examination of the HA gels showed HA particles of varying distribution and size. Belotero and Desirial were the gels with no particles visible under the microscope. Conclusion Simple and inexpensive laboratory tests help to understand the way that they can affect the specific gel performance, and may be beneficial for physicians to decide on the best product for a particular therapeutic indication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threat of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic systems is almost a new challenge in environmental management. The municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) act both as collectors of MPs from anthropic use and as a source to natural environments. This study is aimed to determine the abundance, characteristics, and removal of MPs in a municipal WWTP with conventional activated sludge process. Particle size/type, influent loads, and removal rate of MPs in bar screen, grit chamber, primary sedimentation, returned activated sludge, and secondary clarification units of this WWTP were studied by collecting composite samples from wastewater and sludge over a 3-month sampling campaign. Suspected MP particles were counted by light microscopy and characterized using SEM, EDS, FTIR, and TGA–DSC techniques. The mean total MPs, fibers, and fragment concentration after the grit chamber were 6608, 3594, and 3014 which were reduced to 1855, 802, and 1053 particles/L in the effluent, respectively. The sludge retention of total MPs, fibers, and fragments were 8001, 3277, and 4719 particles/L, respectively. The overall efficiency of WWTP with an activated sludge process to remove MPs was 64% and it removed 66.6% and 60% of fibers and fragments, respectively. Fibers were the dominant shape for the collected samples after the grit chamber and fragments were prevalent in the effluent. Polyethylene polymer was detected in most wastewater samples. Existing treatment processes are effective in the removal of MP particles but still act as a potential source to the aquatic ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Achaemenid glazed bricks excavated at Tol-e Ajori (Fras, Iran) were deeply studied for the first time. • Brizziite (NaSbO 3) and calcium antimonate (CaSb 2 O 6) were evinced as white opacifiers in glazes. • Egyptian source of Co was attested in the blue glazes from Tol-e Ajori. • Glazed bricks at Tol-e Ajori and the Ishtar Gate are similar in style and technique. The archaeological excavations ongoing since 2011 at Tol-e Ajori – located 3.5 km NW of the Persepolis Terrace – discovered an Achaemenid monumental gate dating back to the second half of the 6th century BC. Thousands of glazed clay bricks, flat or in relief with decorative and figurative motifs, which are very similar to the bricks of Babylon's Ishtar Gate, were unearthed from Tol-e Ajori. As the glazed surfaces of the bricks were seriously degraded, due to the long period of burial, a set of non-invasive investigations was first carried out to identify the original hues, also in situ, using digital microscopy, portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and visible reflectance spectrometry (Vis-RS). Minute samples were also investigated by micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF), polarised light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (ESEM-EDS), and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The occurrence of brizziite (sodium antimonate, NaSbO 3) and calcium antimonate (CaSb 2 O 6) as white opacifiers embedded in the lime-alkali glaze was evinced. Lead antimonate was also shown to be a yellow opacifier while cobalt and copper occur as colouring agents in the blue glazes. The greenish hues were obtained by mixing Cu2+ with the yellow opacifier. These results are coherent with the general knowledge available on the Iron Age glaze production in the ancient Near East. Moreover, the iconographical and archaeological features suggested close ties between the glazed bricks from Tol-e Ajori monumental gate and the Ishtar Gate. We also considered the similarities and differences between glaze technology evidenced in Tol-e Ajori and important archaeological sites in Iran and Iraq. In addition, the source of Co in the glazes from Tol-e Ajori bricks and other Achaemenid glazed bricks from Susa and the Persepolis Terrace is discussed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In natural conditions, inhaled fungi are considered a part of the microflora of nasal cavities and sinuses. However, subsequent to the protracted use of corticosteroids and antibacterial agents, suppression of the immune system by chemotherapy, and poor ventilation, these fungi can become pathogens. Fungal colonization in the nose and paranasal sinuses is a prevalent medical issue in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. In this study, we aimed to categorize fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) among immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients and identified the etiologic agents of disease by molecular methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 74 cases were evaluated for FRS. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery was performed for sampling. The clinical samples were examined by direct microscopy with potassium hydroxide 20% and subcultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with chloramphenicol. Polymerase chain reaction sequencing was applied to identify causative agents. Results: Thirty-three patients (44.6%) had FRS. Principal predisposing factors were antibiotic consumption (n = 31, 93.9%), corticosteroid therapy (n = 22, 66.6%), and diabetes mellitus (n = 21, 63.6%). Eyesore (n = 22, 66.6%), proptosis (n = 16, 48.5%), and headache (n = 15, 45.4%) were the most common clinical manifestations among patients. Rhizopus oryzae (n = 15, 45.4%) and Aspergillus flavus (n = 10, 30.3%) were the most prevalent fungal species. Conclusion: Diagnosis and classification of FRS are crucial, and a lack of early precise diagnosis can lead to a delay in any surgical or medical management. Since there are a variety of treatments for FRS, accurate identification of etiologic agents should be performed based on phenotypic and molecular methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen morphology of 12 species, representing genera of the tribes Brassiceae, Conringieae, Isatideae and Plagiolobeae were studied using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated that the polar diameter, pollen exine ornamentation, mesocolpium width, and exine thickness have important systematic significance. Pollen grains in these genera were tricolpate and their shapes varied from prolate to perprolate, with the polar axis length ranging from 30.28 to 41.05 µm and the equatorial axis length ranging from 17.21 to 23.36 µm. However, fine details can be used to distinguish pollen grains of the different species within the genera. The exine ornamentation varied among genera within the tribes and among species within the same genus. Three pollen types are distinguished based on lumen size. All the studied tribes' pollen were heterogeneous, with reticulate, microreticulate (Conringia orientalis, Plagioloba derakii), or macroreticulate (Moricandia sinaica) ornamentation. The exine thickness ranged from 0.75 to 2.60 µm. Pollen characteristics support: (i) two distinct pollen types (viz. Conringia austriaca and Iljinskaea planisiliqua types) in all four tribes; (ii) the similarity of the pollen shape between tribes Isatideae and Brassiceae; (iii) the transfer of P. crenulata from Zuvanda to Plagioloba, and of I. planisiliqua from Conringia to Iljinskaea. Plagioloba clavata displays great variation in pollen morphological characters and needs to be further studied. A key to the species of the genera was also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength of composite to Emax porcelain using different methods of ceramic surface preparation (in vitro). Material and Methods: In this laboratory study, 36 porcelain disks were made and divided into four equal groups. The first group was prepared by sandblasting with 50 micron alumina particles, in the second group received porcelain level of 9.5% HF for 20 seconds. Group three was first sandblasted and then by HF 9.5% and the fourth group was first prepared by HF 9.5% and then by sandblasting and the same silane, bonding and composite were applied to 36 samples. Finally, their shear bond strength test was performed. The mean shear bond strength in MPa was analyzed by ANOVA (a = 0.05) and Tukey test. The fracture pattern of the samples was examined by stereomicroscope Results: The highest mean shear bond streght of the groups was related to sandblast +etching wigh HF(38.52±6.19 MPa), etching with HF+ sandblast (26.8±3.58 Mpa), etching with HF(23.28±4.03 Mpa), respectively and the least streght was reffered to sandblast (18.87±2.15 Mpa). The shear bond streght of composite to Emax porcelain in sandblast group was lower than sandblast and etching with HF group (p<0.001) and etching with HF and sandblast group (p=0.002). This value was significantly higher in sandblast with HF compare to etching with HF group (p<0.001). The Maximum Failure in all groups was cohesive type. Conclusion: The highest mean shear bond strength of the groups was related to sandblast + etching with HF etching with HF + sandblasting, etching with HF and sandblasting. The most common type of failure in all groups was Cohesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Khorasan-Razavi Province in northeastern Iran boasts a diverse lichen flora, fostered by its climatic diversity and extensive calcareous substrates, which provide an ideal habitat for crustose saxicolous lichens. However, the distribution of these lichens in this province has remained inadequately explored. Thus, this study aims to conduct a taxonomic investigation of crustose saxicolous lichens within this area. Between 2018 and 2019, we employed survey methods to collect 436 rock substrates from 44 locations within the province. Lichen specimens were meticulously examined, considering their morphological, anatomical, and ecological attributes. Light microscopy was utilized to scrutinize morphological and anatomical features, with a specific focus on the thallus and perithecium. Our findings reveal the first-ever documentation of the species Caloplaca atroalba (Tuck) Zahlbr. (1930) in Asia. Additionally, we report the presence of the species Pyrenodesmia micromontana (Frolov, Wilk, and Vondrák) Hafellner & Türk (2016), Arthonia mediella Nyl. (1859), Lecania erysibe (Ach.) Mudd (1861), Placopyrenium canellum (Nyl.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux, Verruculopsis minutum (Hepp.) Krzewicka, and Involucropyrenium waltheri (Kremp.) Breuss, along with the genus Involucropyrenium, as new records for the Iranian flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the amount and physical and chemical characteristics of airborne microplastics (MPs) pollution in dust samples in Sistan, located in the eastern part of Iran, is reported. Sampling stations were selected according to the wind direction and population density. MPs were collected by a static dust sampler and analyzed by optical microscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy. Results showed that the distribution frequency of MPs in residential and non-residential areas was 6 to 11 pieces per 100 g (pcs/100 g) with an average abundance of 9.8 pcs/100 g. Fragmented MPs were approximately consisted 64% of total MPs and their sizes were in the range of 0.9–3.8 mm. Polyethylene (49%), polystyrene (21%) and polyester (18%) were the main MPs presented in the dust samples. It was observed that population density and wind direction were the most important parameters affecting MPs pollution in dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Unsuccessful implant integration leads to pain and implant mobility. Implant photo-functionalization by ultraviolet (UV) light has been suggested as a method that may stimulate osseointegration Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the histopathological feature of the titanium implant surface upon treatment with UV-C wave. Materials and Method: In this interventional study, twenty rabbits were enrolled. In the treatment groups, the titanium implants, irradiated earlier with UV-C for four hours laterally, were inserted in one of the femur bones. In the control group, the titanium implants without irradiation were inserted in the other femur bone of the rabbits. After two and four weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and then the samples were histologically and histomorphometrically analyzed. In addition, the amounts of new bone formation, bleeding, and inflammation were recorded, and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The results confirmed that UV-C irradiation to titanium implants significantly improved new bone formation (p< 0.001). However, no significant new bone formation was observed between two and four weeks after implant insertion (p< 0.098). Conclusion: The study results showed that irradiating titanium implants with UV-C for four hours significantly improves osseointegration and new bone formation but does not considerably affect inflammation or bleeding around the implant. The study suggests that UV-C radiation can increase the success rate of implant treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Electronic apex locators are among the most acceptable instruments for determining root canal length. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of long service life on the accuracy of the Dentaport Root ZX (DP ZX) electronic apex locator (EAL). Materials and Methods: In this study, fifty single-rooted freshly extracted human teeth were used. After determining the root canal length with a K-file and a dental operative microscope, the canals were measured with four separate DP ZX apex locators (two with more than 6 years of life service while two others had less than 6 years of life service). Data were analyzed by repeated ANOVA measurement. Results: No significant difference was found between the EALs with different years of life services (P=0.62). All EALs could determine root canal length with high accuracy of more than 94%. Conclusion: Based on the results of this in vitro study, the long service life had no significant impact on the accuracy of DP ZX EALs in terms of root canal length determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a common potentially malignant lesion of oral cavity that should be managed to prevent likely malignant transformation. Purpose: Here, we present a combination of binary grading system with complementary immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for Ki67 biomarker to provide a reproducible OED grading system. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, seventy out of one hundred OED specimens, which were accompanied by IHC stained microscopic slides for Ki67 antigen were evaluated by four independent oral pathologists. Both three-tier and binary grading systems based on WHO microscopic criteria were employed, blindly in a four-step method with at least twoweek interval between each observation. Intra- and inter-observational reliability was assessed using Kappa statistical analysis. Results: OED diagnosis based on binary system showed significant intra-observer reliability comparing to three-tier system without biomarker. Moreover, OED diagnosis based on binary system using Ki67 biomarker showed significant inter-observer reliability comparing to diagnosis in three tier system and based on binary system without Ki67 biomarker showed significant inter-observer reliability comparing to diagnosis based on three-tier system without Ki67. Conclusion: Here, we found that application of IHC staining for Ki67 biomarker in binary system might provide a more reliable grading method for oral pathologist form different educational background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to fill a crucial gap in our understanding of Babesia infection in dogs in Mashhad, northeast Iran. We not only investigated the prevalence of Babesia species among dogs but also undertook a comprehensive comparison of clinical, hematological, and clinicopathological findings between infected and non-infected cases, a unique aspect of our research., Materials and Methods: Our research was conducted with meticulous attention to detail. We randomly collected blood specimens from a diverse population of 150 dogs, including owned pets (n = 47), stray dogs (n = 66), and shelter dogs (n = 37), to ensure the reliability and representativeness of our findings. We then used microscopy and PCR to investigate Babesia spp. infection and analyzed various biochemical and hematological variables., Results: The overall prevalence of babesiosis was 15.3 % (23/150) by PCR and 2 % (3/150) by microscopy. Upon microscopic examination, two cases of large Babesia and one case of small-sized Babesia were identified. The sequencing results confirmed that the two dogs testing positive for large-sized Babesia species in this study were both infected with B. vogeli, exhibiting 100 % sequence identity. There was no association between infection and gender, while housing status (k = 37.294, p = 0.000) and age (k = 6.897, p = 0.021) significantly related to infection rate. Among laboratory variables, infection with Babesia spp. showed a remarkable association with Hct (k = 4.749, p = 0.025) and RBC count (k = 14.669, p = 0.000), which were significantly lower in infected dogs compared to non-infected dogs (p < 0.05). Aside from severe non-regenerative anemia observed in all three clinically infected cases, the most clinicopathological changes were observed in one B. vogeli-infected dog, including pancytopenia, azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, hypocholesterolemia, hyponatremia., Conclusion: This study reveals a higher-than-expected prevalence of canine babesiosis in Northeastern Iran, necessitating further investigation of tick vectors and Babesia spp. distribution. Notably, many infected dogs were asymptomatic, raising concerns about silent spread via carriers. Moreover, the high prevalence of infection in shelters highlights the need for more effective control strategies in these centers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Trichomonas gallinae is a widespread protozoan parasite that primarily affects birds, causing a disease known as avian trichomonosis. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of T. gallinae, a parasite causing avian trichomoniasis in feral pigeons, budgerigars, and finches in Tehran, Iran. The 5.8S ribosomal RNA locus, along with the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region, has been extensively utilized for genotype identification and for determining inter- and intra-specific diversity. More recently, the Fe-hydrogenase (Fe-Hyd) gene has been suggested as an additional genetic marker to enhance the accuracy of strain subtyping discrimination. In the present study, a total of 12% (12/100) birds examined were infected with T. gallinae using microscopy and PCR methods. Infection was found in seven of 30 (23.3%) feral pigeons, three of 40 (7.5%) budgerigars, and two of 30 (6.66%) finches. Analysis of the ITS2 region of T. gallinae isolates revealed two highly similar sequences. The first sequence (GenBank: OQ689964-OQ689970) was found in five feral pigeons and two budgerigars, whereas the second sequence (GenBank: OQ689971-OQ689975) was identified in two feral pigeons, one budgerigar, and two finches. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of two distinct clusters (cluster I and cluster II) within the trichomonads based on the ITS2 region. However, further analysis using Fe-Hyd revealed greater diversity, with three subtypes identified (A1, A2, and C1). One isolate identified in the present study (GenBank accession number: OQ694508.1) belonged to subtype A1. Combining ITS2 and Fe-Hyd markers holds promise for a more comprehensive understanding of the population structure of T. gallinae and the potential role of ITS2 in host adaptation., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

During a survey on the biodiversity of plant-parasitic nematodes in the south of Iran, Hoplolaimus indicus from the grass was recovered. Hoplolaimus are ectoparasites or semiendoparasites of various crops. Hoplolaimus indicus was studied using morphological and molecular techniques. Hoplolaimus indicus is identified based on the lip region with three annuli, five clear and one obscure pharyngeal nucleus, excretory pore at the isthmus level, and spicules with 42–46 µm long. The scan electron microscopy (SEM) observation revealed basal annuli of the lip region divided into six blocks, and one incisure along the body starts from 7–8 annuli posterior to the lip region ended at the tail tip. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the present H. indicus and the population of the same species from Iran stand very close to each other. Besides, H. indicus and H. columbus stand separately. Nblast for the 28S rDNA revealed 100% identity of the tested species and other H. indicus from Iran (MF421900) and Myanmar (MN462843). In contrast, the COI of mtDNA showed 97% similarity with several sequences of the American populations of H. columbus (e.g., KP864621). However, the phylogenetic analysis using the mentioned above markers placed H. indicus very close to H. columbus, H. indicus, and H. seinhorsti, particularly using 28S rDNA. Measurements, light microscopy (LM), SEM, and phylogenetic analysis for H. indicus are given. The COI of mtDNA sequence and SEM observation for H. indicus are reported for the first time. In conclusion, the result indicated that 28S rDNA is not a good marker to distinguish H. indicus from the close species, including H. seinhorsti and H. columbus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pebrine disease is the most important and dangerous disease of silkworm caused by Nosema bombycis as an obligate intracellular parasitic fungus. It has caused tremendous economic losses in the silk industry in recent years. Given the fact that light microscopy method (with low accuracy) is the only method for diagnosing pebrine disease in the country, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods were adopted in this study for accurate morphological identification of the spores causing pebrine disease. Infected larvae and mother moth samples were collected from several farms (Parand, Parnian, Shaft, and Iran Silk Research Center in Gilan province, Iran). The spores were then purified using the sucrose gradient method. From each region, 20 and 10 samples were prepared for SEM and TEM analysis, respectively. In addition, an experiment was performed to evaluate the symptoms of pebrine disease by treating fourth instars with the spores purified for the present study, along with a control group. The results of SEM analysis showed that the mean±SD length and width of spores were 1.99±0.25 to 2.81±0.32 µm, respectively. Based on the obtained results, the size of spores was smaller than the Nosema bombycis (N. bombycis) as the classic species that cause pebrine disease. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) pictures showed that the grooves of the adult spores were deeper than those of other Nosema species, Vairomorpha, and Pleistophora, and resembled N. bombycis in other studies. Examination of pathogenicity of the studied spores indicated that the disease symptoms in controlled conditions were similar to those in the sampled farms. The most important symptom in fourth and fifth instrars were the small size and no growth in the treatment group compared with the control group. Findings of SEM and TEM analysis showed better morphological and structural details of parasite compared with light microscopy, and demonstrated that the studied species were a native strain of N. bombycis specific to Iran, whose size and other characteristics were unique and introduced for the first time in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alkali–silica reaction can shorten concrete life due to expansive pressure build-up caused by reaction by-products, resulting in cracking. Understanding the role of the aggregate, as the main reactive component, is essential for understanding the underlying mechanisms of the alkali–silica reaction and thereby reducing, or even preventing, any potential damage. The present study aims to investigate the role of petrographic studies along with accelerated tests in predicting and determining the potential reactivity of aggregates, including granite, rhyodacite, limestone, and dolomite, with different geological characteristics in concrete. This study was performed under accelerated conditions in accordance with the ASTM C1260 and ASTM C1293 test methods. The extent of the alkali–silica reaction was assessed using a range of microanalysis techniques including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray powder diffraction. The results showed that a calcium-rich aggregate with only a small quantity of siliceous component but with a higher porosity and water adsorption rate can lead to degradation due to the alkali–silica reaction, while dolomite aggregate, which is commonly considered a reactive aggregate, showed no considerable expansion during the conducted tests. The results also showed that rhyodacite samples, due to their glassy texture, the existence of strained quartz and quartz with undulatory extinction, as well as the presence of weathering minerals, have a higher alkali-reactivity potential than granite samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma spp. is an important arthropod-borne disease of various vertebrates with health concerns to humans. The present study aimed to investigate the detection and genotype of Anaplasma phagocytophilum using microscopic examination, real-time PCR technique, and phylogenetic analysis in dogs from Mashhad shelters, Khorasan-Razavi province. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 250 blood specimens were collected during routine health checkups from dogs in different shelters in Mashhad, Iran, in 2020. First, smears were prepared from the blood specimens, stained with Giemsa, and examined under the light microscope for Anaplasma inclusions. Then, the genomic DNAs were extracted from buffy coats of blood specimens and screened by real-time PCR for the presence of Anaplasma infection by amplifying a 1400 bp sequence of 16S rRNA belonging to the Anaplasma genus. Finally, sequencing and BLAST analyses were carried out on the amplified fragments for the phylogenetic assessments in positive specimens. Results: A total of 9 dogs (3.60%), including 5 females (3.40%) and 4 males (3.88%) were found to be positive for Anaplasma infection in real-time PCR. Moreover, in blood smear observation, A. phagocytophilum morulae were detected in the neutrophils of 3 PCR positive animals. Conclusion: This study provides important data regarding A. phagocytophilum in dogs and the degree of genetic homology/heterogeneities among these pathogen strains from dogs and humans in Iran and other countries. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular evidence on the infection of A. phagocytophilum in sheltered dogs of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contents of five Iron Age I–II (1200–900 BC) small ceramic vessels similar to ancient kohl pots excavated from the graves of the archaeological site of Estark–Joshaqan, near Kashan in central Iranian plateau, were characterised by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), micro X-Ray fluorescence (μ-XRF), micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-Raman) and field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDS). The analytical data demonstrated that the pots were filled with powdery white laurionite (peculiar fibrous shape) and lead (hydr)oxychloride crystals to which manganese and iron oxides were added to obtain grey and orangish colours, respectively. The occurrence of minerals such as leadhillite, cerussite, anglesite, wulfenite and vanadinite together with barite, celestine, gypsum and anhydrite was ascertained via different analytical techniques and was discussed in an archaeological and technological context. In addition, the possible occurrence of mereheadite, with a fibrous habit, has been discussed. These small pots were used as kohl containers for storing cosmetics and placed in the burials as grave goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous sherds were collected from 10 archaeological sites located in the Kur River Basin (KRB) in southern Iran. They have been analysed through routinely standard microscopic approach, including momentous cathodoluminescence microscopy in order to characterize the pottery fabrication and diversities in raw material and firing behaviour between different pottery production from the eighth to third millennium BCE. Cathodoluminescence interpretations identify the diverse properties of the sherds from the KRB material. Conversely, their microfabrics are essentially conceded to a not tightly packed fabrication. Characterizing the raw material, additives and initial vitrification texture were identified through petrography and SEM. The effect of heating in such heterogenous body was essentially characterized by cathodoluminescence microscopy. Combining these methods demonstrates the advantages of multimicroscopical methods for studying insights among diverse raw materials and heat gradient from the surface into the core of ancient pottery, which led to display selective experimental pottery production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A variety of haemoprotozoa including Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon cause infections in birds and are transmitted by some known vectors. These parasites cause anemia, low appetite, weakness and ultimately death in birds. The present study was aimed to determine these parasites, in birds of Mazandaran and Golestan provinces in Iran. Methods: The project was performed on 340 live birds in 2016. The samples were collected from February to September 2016, from each bird, two thin and thick blood smears were prepared and the remaining blood about 1ml was kept in EDTA-containing tubes for molecular studies. The slides were stained with 10% Giemsa, then examined microscopically. About ten percent of the negative samples were considered for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, using specific primers to diagnose Plasmodium and Haemoproteus spp. Electrophoresis was done for PCR products and relevant bands to the parasites were identified based on the size. The considered birds belonged to ducks, chickens, roosters, and pigeons. Results: From 340 microscopically examined blood samples 32 (9.5%) samples were positive. Twenty-five (7.35%) of them were infected with the genus Haemoproteus. Seven samples (14%) out of 50 microscopically negative samples were found as Haemoproteus or Plasmodium spp when PCR technique was employed. Conclusion: This study revealed the existence of malaria parasites and other haemosporidia in birds in Iran. Employing molecular methods (PCR examination) could detect more infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Mobile usage has increased worldwide over the past two decades. There are conflicting reports about the carcinogenic effects of cell phone radiation on the oral mucosa. Micronucleus (MN) is considered a reliable marker for genotoxic damage. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the impact of mobile phone radiation on the MN frequency in oral mucosal cells. Materials and Method: In this descriptive-analytical study, 50 mobile phone users between the age group of 20–38 years were included. Samples were obtained from the right and left cheek mucosa of each subject (a total 100 cell samples). Every participant filled out a questionnaire about his or her cell phone usage habits. Additionally, personal information such as age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) were assessed. The Feulgen and Papanicolaou staining methods were used for staining of the cell samples. A total of 1000 cells in each sample were evaluated for MNs. Results: The mean number of MN in exposed and non-exposed mucosa by Feulgen method was 0.71±1.13 and 0.57±1.36, respectively. Also in Papanicolaou staining, the mean number of MN in the exposed mucosa and non-exposed mucosa was 6.94±6.61 and 6.54±6.88, respectively, but these differences were not significant (p> 0.05). The frequency of MN in non-specific DNA staining was significantly (5- to 6-fold) higher than DNA-specific staining. We observed no statically significant differences between MN frequency according to age, gender, BMI, and other cell phone usage habits (p> 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that cell phone use does not cause genotoxic effects in the buccal mucosa in the oral cavity. Moreover, using non-specific DNA staining methods can increase the frequency of MN by more than 5- to 6-fold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The problem of resistance to antiparasitic drugs, associated with their side effects, suggest exploring other alternatives, including medicinal plants. Dracocephalumkotschyi (D.kotschyi), for example, from Lamiaceae family, is a plant widely used in Iran and in many countries, and to which interesting pharmacological properties have been attributed. This study aimed to investigate in vitro and in vivo anti-Toxoplasma activities of D.kotschyi extract in experimental models of acute toxoplasmosis. Methods: Anti-Toxoplasma activity of the extracts in vitro was performed on Vero Cell, using the MTT test. Vero cell were infected with (3 × 105 tachyzoites/well) following treatment with Dichloromethane (F1), dichloromethane: methanol (F2), methanol (F3), methanol: water (F4), and deionized water (F5) extracts of D.kotschyi, and pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine (positive control). MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was used to measure cell viability. Effects of extracts on tachyzoites viability were evaluated by trypan blue exclusion method, followed by light microscopy. For in vivo test, 18 groups of 8–10-week-old Inbred Balb/c mice weighing 18–20 g, were intraperitoneally infected with 2 × 103 tachyzoites and then treated with sterile PBS (negative control), pyrimethamine (25 mg/kg) and sulfadiazine (500 mg/kg) as positive controls, and F1 to F5 extracts (at doses 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg). Results: The 50% Inhibitory Concentration of F1 extract, F2 extract, Sulfadiazine (Positive control) and Pyrimethamine (Positive control) were 8.77 µg, 7.1 µg 391.18 µg, and 84.20 µg, respectively, while the selectivity indices were 15.667, 30.197, 1.552 and 4.064, respectively. In vivo anti-Toxoplasma activity test showed that Methanol: water (F-4) 50 extract was more active than the positive control. Conclusions: Indeed, the extract allowed a survival rate of 10% of the mice, compared to 0% for all the other groups. D.kotschyi has the potential to be valorized in the management of toxoplasmosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollen morphology of 33 species belonging to the genera Lactuca, Launaea, Cicerbita, Sonchus, Condrilla (tribe Cichorieae: Asteraceae) from Iran were studied with light and electron microscopies. The pollen grains of the investigated taxa are almost oblate-spherical to prolate-spherical, the shapes are circular in equatorial view, hexagonal in polar view, only Sonchus species are triangular or quadrangular in polar view, isopolar, symmetrical and trizonocolporate, except Sonchus and Chondrilla species, which have tri- to tetrazonocolporate pollen grains, and echinolophate. The size and number of spines in the polar area and the number of spines in the paraporal ridges and equatorial ridges proved to be the most taxonomically authentic characteristics in this study. Three pollen types were distinguished, as in alignment with previous studies. Cluster analysis by Ward method based on 10 quantitative morphological characteristics of pollen grains revealed that the species could be grouped based on the pollen characteristics. Moreover, three species of Cicerbita including Cicerbita scoparia (Rech. f. & Köie) Kitam, C. rechingeriana (Tuisl) Coșkunç., M. Güzel & N. Kilian and C. microcephala (DC.) M. Güzel, Coșkunç. & N. Kilian were recorded for the first time in Iran. Although the characteristics of the pollen grains were useful for distinguishing the species in sub-tribes, in some cases, this did not confirm recent phylogenetic results. The pollen characteristics described in this study provide data that may be useful for future systematic studies aiming to complete the knowledge on Cichorieae species. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: In the present study, the pollen morphology of 33 species belonging to five genera of the Cichorieae are investigated with scanning electron microscopy and 12 species are analyzed for the first time. The cluster analysis based on the quantitative morphological characteristics of pollen grains revealed that the species could be grouped based on the pollen characteristics. In addition, three species of Cicerbita are reported for the first time in Iran., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

In this research, pollen micromorphology and ultrastructure of eight species belonging to genera including Alrawia, Bellevalia, Fessia, Muscari, Othocallis, Prospero, Puschkinia, and Zagrosia were investigated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The pollen size varied among the studied species. Othocallis monanthos and Muscari neglectum had the largest and smallest pollen grains, respectively. Based on the Polar axis/Equatorial axis (P/E) ratio, Bellevalia saviczii had peroblate pollen shape and the rest were oblate. Exine ornamentation on the equatorial surface, sulcus margin exine ornamentation, and intine ornamentation in the sulcus membrane region of the pollen grains varied among the selected species of all genera. The exine layer in all genera had semitectate tectum, simplicolumellate infratectum, and discontinuous foot layer. There was discontinuous endexine in M. neglectum, Prospero autumnale, and Zagrosia persica. Alrawia bellii, P. autumnale, and Puschkinia scilloides had three intine layers in the sulcus membrane region, O. monanthos had two, and the rest of the species had one. Also, in those species with three layers in the sulcus membrane region, the outer intine layer had many channels. A dendrogram of the palynological characters grouped them into three pollen types and six pollen subtypes. The pollen types verified the phylogenetic relationships among the studied genera, whereas the pollen subtypes partly supported these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nosemosis caused by Vairimorpha ceranae is one of the most important threats to honeybee colonies worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and intensity of Vairimorpha infection in different types of colonies and locations in Iran. In October 2017 and May 2018, 376 colonies from 97 apiaries were selected for each month according to a randomly clustered design. By considering 3–5 colonies for each apiary, 20 adult bees as pooled samples were collected from each colony. In microscopic analysis, 46.52% and 46.1% of samples in May and October showed Vairimorpha spores, respectively. The infection intensities in May and October were 5.94 ± 0.19 (× 106) and 5.86 ± 0.23 (× 106) spores/bee in a pooled sample, respectively. The mean infection intensity ranged from 1.8 to 12.5 (× 106) spores/bee. Statistically, there were no significant differences in the prevalence and intensity of V. ceranae infection between May and October samples. No significant differences were found among the prevalence rates of infection in the types of colonies; however, the intensity was significantly higher in migratory and mountainous colonies in May and only in migratory colonies in October. There was a significant correlation between the prevalence and intensity of V. ceranae infection (r2 = 0.695). PCR analysis showed that the samples were only infected with V. ceranae. No intraspecific variation to V. ceranae was found by direct sequencing of the amplified fragment of 16S rRNA. The obtained sequence was mainly 100% similar to those of V. ceranae isolates from European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nosema ceranae as a fungal parasite has been reported from the Apis mellifera in all continents. It causes reduced longevity, depopulation, decreased production, and colony losses in honeybee colonies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of N.ceranae in the apiaries of Mazandaran province. In this study, we randomly selected 320 hives from thirty-two apiaries and collected twenty old honeybees from the apiaries. The collected samples were examined by microscopy and molecular methods. The results of the microscopic examinations showed that 78.12% of apiaries were infected with Nosema spp. In addition, N. ceranae was identified 84.37% of apiaries by PCR, while no samples were infected by N. apis. Blast analysis of the sequenced samples confirmed the presence of N. ceranae infection in the apiaries. Based on the obtained results, a high frequency of N.ceranae was detected in apiaries in Mazandaran province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) is the most common cause of abdominal injury and is responsible for renal injury in children. Urine dipstick is used in various clinical conditions, and its use in the diagnosis of microscopic hematuria is very common in adults, but its efficacy in children with BAT is unclear. Objective: To determine the accuracy of urine dipstick test and compare it with microscopic urine analysis (UA) in predicting urinary system injury. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on children with BAT who were referred to the Acute Care II of the Emergency Medicine Department of Shiraz Namazi Hospital in south of Iran (April–October 2018). The results of the urine dipstick test were compared with the results of UA, abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan as the gold standard, and the point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS). The diagnostic tests (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and accuracy) were calculated. Results: A total of 380 patients were enrolled, with a mean ± standard deviation age of 6.3 ± 3.45 years. We obtained a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 71.43% (95% CI, 41.90–91.61), 96.99% (95% CI, 94.69–98.49), and 96.05% (95% CI, 93.57–97.77), respectively, with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.89% (95% CI, 97.48–99.51) for the dipstick test in comparison with UA. In comparing the results of the dipstick and UA tests with CT scan, no difference was found in terms of sensitivity (P = 0.35), specificity (P = 0.65), accuracy (P = 0.72), and area under the curve (P = 0.97). Conclusion: Due to no difference in diagnostic values between the urine dipstick and UA tests, dipstick can be considered as an alternative means of UA in the management algorithm of pediatric BAT. Also, with higher specificity and NPV of the dipstick test in comparison with the UA test, based on the negative results of dipstick, hematuria can be ruled out in children with BAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is considered to be one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. Zinc, a vital trace element in the body, plays a key role in maintaining health, especially due to its antioxidant role. On the other hand, lack of antioxidants and oxidative stress can adversely affect oocytes quality and consequently fertility rate. The available studies that report the effect of follicular fluid (FF) zinc in terms of the number and quality of the oocytes in infertile women with PCOS, are few and not consistent. We decided to investigate this issue. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, from the women with PCOS referring to Omolbanin Hospital, Dezful, Iran (February to December 2019), a total of 90 samples (follicular fluid, oocytes, and embryos) were collected from those who had undergone in vitro fertilization (IVF). To measure zinc level in follicular fluid, high performance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC) was utilized. Also, oocytes maturity and embryos quality evaluation was performed using inverted optical microscopy. One-way ANOVA and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) were used for data analysis. Results: The amount of FF zinc was not associated with any significant differences in the number of oocytes and metaphase I (MI) and germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes, but a significant decrease was observed in the number of metaphase II (MII) oocytes at zinc values less than 35 µg/dL. The FF zinc levels less than 35 µg/dL were also significantly associated with decreased embryo quality. Conclusion: A significant relationship was found between the level of FF zinc and the quality and the number of oocytes taken from the ovaries of infertile patients with PCOS history who were candidates for IVF treatment as well as the number of high quality embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil-occupant fungi produce a variety of mycotoxins as secondary metabolites, one of which is mycophenolic acid (MPA), an antibiotic and immunosuppressive agent. MPA is mainly produced by several species of Penicillium, especially Penicillium brevicompactum. Here, we present the first report of MPA production by a local strain belonging to Penicillium glabrum species. We screened ascomycete cultures isolated from moldy food and fruits, as well as soils, collected from different parts of Iran. MPA production of one hundred and forty Penicillium isolates was analyzed using HPLC. Three MPA producer isolates were identified, among which the most producer was subjected to further characterization, based on morphological and microscopic analysis, as well as molecular approach (ITS, rDNA and beta-tubulin gene sequences). The results revealed that the best MPA producer belongs to P. glabrum IBRC-M 30518, and can produce 1079 mg/L MPA in Czapek-Dox medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Electron microscopy (EM) is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of renal amyloidosis, particularly in the early stages of the disease. In Iran, studies on EM and the clinical features of renal amyloidosis are scarce. The objective of the present study was to survey EM investigations, pathological classifications, and clinical features of renal amyloidosis. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in Shiraz, Iran, during 2001-2016. Out of 2,770 kidney biopsies, 27 cases with a diagnosis of renal amyloidosis were investigated. EM investigation and six staining procedures for light microscopy (LM) were performed. Two pathological classifications based on glomerular, peritubular, perivascular, and interstitial involvement were made. Finally, the association between these classifications and the clinical features was assessed. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, Independent t test, and Multiple logistic regression analysis were used. P values<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: In 51.9% of the cases, the clinical diagnosis was nephrotic syndrome. Proteinuria and edema were the most prevalent clinical manifestations. The role of EM investigation for diagnosis was graded "necessary" or "supportive" in 48.2% of the patients. In the classification based on glomerular classes, variables such as the mean blood pressure (P=0.003), history of hypertension (P=0.02), creatinine >1.5 (P=0.03), and severe tubular atrophy (P=0.03) were significantly higher in class B (advanced amyloid depositions). Conclusion: EM plays an important role in the diagnosis of renal amyloidosis. EM in conjunction with LM investigation with Congo red staining is recommended, to prevent misdiagnosis of patients with a clinical suspicion of renal amyloidosis. Among different pathological features of renal amyloidosis, the severity of glomerular amyloid depositions had a clear relationship with clinical presentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Xpert) is a molecular assay used for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in clinical specimens. In this study, we aimed to assess the accuracy of the Xpert assay for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in TB suspected patients from the northern region of Iran. The obtained results were compared with the culture method. The sputum specimens were examined using the Xpert assay, smear microscopy, and solid culture media as a reference diagnostic tool. Among 293 presumptive TB cases, 92 (31.4%) were positive according to the culture method. The Xpert method detected 88 (95.7%) cases that were positive according to the culture method, compared with 78 (84.8%) positive cases according to smear microscopy. The overall sensitivity and speci- ficity of the Xpert method for TB diagnosis were 95.7% and 99%, respectively. Also, the sensitivity and specificity for smear microscopy were 84.8% and 97.5%, respectively. The Xpert assay showed high overall sensitivity and specificity; thus, it can be effectively used for the early and accurate diagnosis of MTB in TB endemic areas. In addition, the agreement between semi-quantitative results of Xpert and smear microscopy assays could be helpful in evaluating transmission potential in TB patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]