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Determining students' language proficiency is essential for successful instruction and learning objectives in many educational settings. To this end, one of the most efficient assessment tools for measuring language proficiency is the C-test. Thus, the primary aim of this research is to assess the performance of university students through the C-Test and to analyze the extent to which this test is valid in measuring language ability. A standardized C-Test has been created with four brief passages, each containing 20 gaps. The length of each passage varied from 95 to 109 words. Throughout each passage, only the first and last sentences were not changed. The test was taken by 100 students; 39 were male and 61 were female at Al-Nisour University/Department of English in Baghdad, Iraq. The sample consists of two groups. Both groups come from the same school and would receive similar educational input in both cases based on their grade level. The validity and reliability of the C-Test were investigated using various techniques. The study analyzed the performance of fourth- and third-year students on the Common Language Proficiency Test in Iraq. The results showed that the test discriminates well between high-ability and low-ability examinees, with no significant difference between the two groups. The Rasch model separation reliability was relatively high, and the data were one-dimensional. The students faced difficulties in guessing the most appropriate words due to their limited English proficiency. The results suggest that developing and implementing this test could significantly improve students' academic achievements in basic foreign language classes in Iraq.

The Multiple-choice (MC) item format is commonly used in educational assessments due to its economy and effectiveness across a variety of content domains. However, numerous studies have examined the quality of MC items in high-stakes and higher-education assessments and found many flawed items, especially in terms of distractors. These faulty items lead to misleading insights about the performance of students and the final decisions. The analysis of distractors is typically conducted in educational assessments with multiple-choice items to ensure high-quality items are used as the basis of inference. Item response theory (IRT) and Rasch models have received little attention for analyzing distractors. For that reason, the purpose of the present study was to apply the Rasch model, to a grammar test to analyze items' distractors of the test. To achieve this, the current study investigated the quality of 10 instructor-written MC grammar items used in an undergraduate final exam, using the items responses of 310 English as a foreign language (EFL) students who had taken part in an advanced grammar course. The results showed an acceptable fit to the Rasch model and high reliability. Malfunctioning distractors were identified.

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of using a proposed strategy according to the (Marquqrd) model in the algebraic thinking skills of second-grade intermediate students in the schools of the General Directorate of Education in Babylon. To achieve the goal, the following null hypothesis was formulated: There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group, which were taught using the proposed strategy according to the (Marquqrd) model, and the control group that studied in the usual way in the pre-post test of algebraic thinking skills. The research community, which represents the middle and secondary schools for boys within the General Directorate of Education in Babylon, was identified, and the Yahya bin Zaid (p.) middle school was randomly selected, and the research sample consisted of (67) students from the second intermediate grade students, and two groups were chosen randomly, with (33) students for the experimental group, and (34) for the control group. For the purpose of collecting data for the research, a test of algebraic thinking skills was built, as the test in its final form consisted of (24) items of the objective type, multiple-choice. The appropriate statistical analyzes were carried out (difficulty coefficient, ease, discrimination coefficient and effectiveness of the alternatives), and the psychometric properties were ascertained. After the statistical tools were chosen to analyze the results of the application of the test, such as using the associated analysis of variance (ANCOVA), the results indicated that: (1) The students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the test of algebraic thinking skills. (2) The use of the proposed strategy according to the (Marquqrd) model led to an improvement in the algebraic thinking skills of the students of the experimental groups compared to the students of the control group.

The aim of the research is to build an educational-learning design according to the progressive inquiry model and to know its effectiveness in the mathematical excellence skills of second-grade intermediate students. To achieve the research objectives, the two researchers followed the experimental research method, and they adopted a quasi-experimental design with two equal groups with a pre-post test to measure the mathematical excellence skills. To achieve the goal, the following null hypothesis was formulated: there is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who studied the material according to the educational-learning design and the students of the control group who studied the same material according to the usual method in the pre-post test of mathematical excellence skills. The research community was identified, which represents all the students of the second intermediate grade in the governmental middle and secondary day schools of the general directorate of education in Baghdad / Rusafa I. The sample consisted of (63) students from the second intermediate grade students, (32) students for the experimental group and (31) for the control group from Al-Harith Intermediate School for Boys. As the test in its final form consisted of (30) paragraphs of the essay and objective type, and the appropriate statistical analyzes were conducted, and by adopting the appropriate statistical tools to analyze the results, the results indicated the existence of a statistically significant difference in favor of the students of the experimental group. Those who studied the prescribed subject according to the educational-learning design and among the students of the control group who studied the subject according to the usual method, and that teaching according to the educational-learning design according to the progressive inquiry model is effective in the skills of mathematical excellence.

Building a strong sense of citizenship and literacy via reading is essential. Students who are proficient readers may perform better in educational settings. Reading literacy has been connected to gender and regional inequalities in national and international studies. As a result, the research's main goal is to examine how gender disparities and regional influences affect Iraqi college students' reading literacy. Data were gathered from rural and urban students attending public sector colleges in Iraq for this purpose. According to descriptive statistics, male students in both urban and rural areas scored less than female students overall. Compared to rural areas, the female scores were higher in urban areas. The independent sample T-test used in inferential statistics shows that there are statistical differences between gender and region in terms of reading literacy. The study could assist governing bodies and educational institutions in effectively addressing gender and regional inequalities so that students' reading and literacy needs could be met, perhaps increasing their positive impact on Iraq's economy.

The ability of international graduates to grasp a foreign language has become increasingly important as the demand for English-speaking workers has grown worldwide. To this end, several strategies for encouraging the use of English in academic settings have been implemented. International students' academic success may suffer if colleges refuse to recognize English as their first language. As a result, the current study's purpose is to assess the impact of English language ability, multilingualism, and perceived linguistic challenges on international students' academic achievement (GPA). Data was gathered for this purpose from three foreign colleges in Iraq. The results of the multiple regression show that multilingualism and English language proficiency significantly impact students' academic performance (GPA) while speaking, reading, and listening skills, as well as writing difficulty, are unimportant factors. Speaking, reading, and listening difficulties are among the four perceived language difficulties (GPA). According to the study's results, most respondents valued English fluency while managing a university's academic atmosphere. The research may also assist the researchers in developing their current study to raise the significance of their work.

We value the English language because it makes communication easier. All around the world, it is the major language used to learn any subject. Students need to learn English because it helps them think critically, grow emotionally, and improve their quality of life by providing access to job opportunities. Since the First World War, Iraq's educational system has mandated that English be taught and learned. Males and females learn and manage behavior differently. The current study's goal is to ascertain the impact of differentiated education on students' performance in English at public universities in Iraq. For this reason, a simple random sampling strategy was used to perform the study on 200 level 2 English students (100 males and 100 females). The English accomplishment test served as the research instrument for the quasi-experimental study. Pre-test and post-test data analyses were conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings show that when students received differentiated instructions, their academic success in the English subject was unaffected by their gender. This study could be regarded as a pioneering study that could aid other researchers in conducting their research in various nations with different conclusions. The research findings may contribute to a body of knowledge for differentiating instruction and serve as a platform for future research.

AbstractThe knowledge of the prevalence and molecular basis of β-hemoglobinopathies constitutes an important prerequisite for an effective prevention program. To address this issue in Iraq’s capital, Baghdad, a total of 12526 individuals (6263 couples) attending three main Premarital Screening centers were enrolled. Individuals were labeled as β-hemoglobin disorders based on full blood counts and high-performance liquid chromatography. For those identified as β-thalassemia trait, molecular characterization was achieved by multiplex PCR and reverse hybridization, followed by next-generation sequencing where appropriate. The prevalence of β-thalassemia and δβ-thalassemia traits were 3.5% and 0.01% respectively. For structural variants: sickle cell, hemoglobin D, C, and E traits were documented in 0.37%, 0.07%, 0.05%, and 0.04% respectively. Twenty-two couples were identified as couples at risk of having affected babies with hemoglobinopathies (3.5/1000). A total of 23 different β-thalassemia mutations were identified in studied samples, the eight most frequent of which were IVS-II-I (G > A), IVS-I-110 (G > A), IVS-I-6 (T > C), Codon 44 (-C), IVS-I-5 (G > C), IVS-I-1 (G > A), IVS-I-130 (G > C), and IVS-II-745 (C > G), accounting for 74.7% of the total mutations. In conclusion, the study illustrates the heterogeneity of β-thalassemia mutations in Iraq’s capital, and identified several service indicators for prevention. Accordingly, it constitutes an important step in the setup for an effective prevention program of hemoglobinopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an extract from a PhD dissertation on the impacts of learning English on the self-identity of Kurdish EFL learners. Language is a distinctive feature of human being. Similarly, identity is considered as a sign humans are recognized by. So, scrutinizing the relationship between these two related components of human life is revealing. Most of the research papers in this area focus on how language is used as a tool to express someone's identity. However, this research focuses on how the process of learning English makes possible changes, if any, in the learners' self-identity. A Likert-questionnaire of 30 questions is given to 150 EFL learners from three main universities to understand the differences that might happen in the learners' self-identity as a result of learning English. Finally, some conclusions are drawn based on the collected data and the references are documented.

After reviewing the studies and literature that dealt with information management, it was apparent that many students failed to manage and process information during their learning process. This is not due to a decline in the degree of intelligence or lack of tendency to study, but due to the lack of learning processes that include planning, monitoring, evaluation and control of their cognitive abilities. Therefore, the current research will try to identify the level of information management knowledge of university students and what is the relationship between the management of knowledge information and knowledge overlap?

To determine the prevalence and molecular basis of β-thalassemia in the Northeastern Iraqi province of Kirkuk, a total of 3954 individuals attending the provincial premarital screening center were recruited. The prevalence of β-thalassemia minor among the screened individuals was found to be 3.0%, while those of Hemoglobin E, and δβ-thalassemia carrier states were 0.05%, and 0.03% respectively. Molecular characterization of the β-thalassemia mutations was achieved by multiplex PCR and reverse hybridization, followed by next generation sequencing for those left uncharacterized by the former technique. Among 19 β-thalassemia mutations identified, seven were the most frequent, namely: IVS-II-1 (G > A), codon 8/9 (+G), IVS-I-6 (T > C), IVS-I-110 (G > A), IVS-I-I (G > A), IVS-I-5 (G > C) and codon 44 (-C) accounting for 78.5% of the mutations. This study further illustrates the heterogeneity of the spectrum of β-thalassemia in different parts of Iraq, and provides an essential step to facilitate prenatal diagnosis in the setting of a future national thalassemia prevention program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a common protozoan disease in Iraq characterized by localized ulcers, primarily on exposed skin. This study aimed to investigate the hematological parameters of infected patients using a complete blood count (CBC) in the endemic area of Diyala Governorate, northeast of Baghdad. This has been studied in newly diagnosed, untreated individuals and patients receiving sodium antimony gluconate. Methodology: Hematological screening was performed on blood samples from 161 patients with microscopically diagnosed cutaneous leishmaniasis before and after treatment. Anti-Leishmania IgG was also assessed by ELISA in seropositive and seronegative subjects. Results: The newly diagnosed, untreated patients showed no significant differences in blood cell counts, whereas treated patients had significant changes in white blood cell composition, including absolute neutrophil count (ANC), absolute monocytes (MID), eosinophils Granulocytes and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelets count (PLT) and Mean Platelets Volume (MPV), following the administration of five consecutive sodium stibogluconate injection. In addition, the anti-Leishmania IgG seroprevalence was highest (85%) in the newly diagnosed, untreated group and gradually decreased with continued treatment. However, there was no significant difference in red blood cell components including red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit test (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW) before and after treatment. Conclusions: The current data gave an insight into certain hematological factors regarding WBC subtypes, along with cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. In addition, the anti-Leishmania IgG may be considered a marker for therapeutic monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between stressful life events at the time of relapse in schizophrenic patients at psychiatric hospitals in Baghdad city. Methodology: A purposive (non-probability) sampling of 50 schizophrenic patients who have relapsed was involved in the present study. Data were collected through the use of the constructed questionnaire and the process of the interview as means for data collection. The questionnaire was constructed by the researcher to achieve the objectives of the study, which consisted of two parts; the first one is concerned with the demographic and clinical characteristics; the second part consists of the Factors related to the patients exposure to the recent life events which include (17) items. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis (Frequency, Percentage, Mean and Mean of Scores) and the relative sufficiency and inferential statistic (Multiple Logistic Regression). Results: The findings of the study indicated that there was a more than half of the patients had 30% chance of relapse related to the recent exposure to recent life events, and there was a significant relationship between the factors related to recent life events and the person responsible for the patients.Recommendations: The researcher recommends that patients and families should be educated about the particular and society about, accepting mentally ill as a member in the society, and dealing with stress and basic home care.

Al- Dalmaj area is a large water body in Iraq in the Afak district, which feeds from the general downstream between the Tigris and the Euphrates. The present study focused mainly on the changes detection in Al-Dalmaj area through analysis of the Landsat images for four selected years (2000, 2002, 2013 and 2017) to determine the changes in marsh waters, wetlands area, drylands areas and other land classes, The Landsat images of Al-Dalmaj area were analysed with the scene that includes the water surface and the area surrounded by the fixed geographical boundaries. The combination of remote sensing and GIS techniques have been found to be successful and effective in monitoring the spatial and temporal changes in land cover. These changes in the land cover of Al-Dalmaj area were detected using various analyses, including Normalised Difference Vegetation (NDVI), the Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI), the Salinity Index(SI), and the Salinity ratio using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) programs v.10, using ERDAS Imagine v. 9.2 and spectral index techniques were used in this study to determine the land changes, to analyse Landsat images for the years (2000,2002,2013 and 2017). From the application of the equations of evidence referred to, it was found that the salinity (%) increased in the study area. 2002 represents the most extreme stage of the lack of natural conditions in Al- Dalmaj area. It was concluded that the water change was 83.8% for 2002 as 2000 as a reference. As for the natural vegetation, the percentage of change was 84.5% for the same year. The results showed that the percentage change in salinity was 127.5%, a high percentage compared to the rest of the study years. The bulk density values range between (0.70 - 0.89) Mg/m³. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Mediterranean area is a diversity center for the genus Dianthus. However, species belonging to this genus, including Dianthus orientalis Adams (DOA), have not been investigated for their medicinal activities. Objectives: To investigate antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant effects and molecular mechanism of D. orientalis Adams leaf extract (DOAE) in an animal model. Materials and methods: The plant leaves were collected from July to August 2021 from Penjween district, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq and then identified, authenticated, shadow-dried, and extracted using pure methanol. Thirty rats were divided randomly into 5 groups of 6 animals each. Group 1 was control negative (CN) and received distilled water (DW). Group 2 was diabetic control (DC) that received DW, while group 3 was control positive (CP) treated with Glibenclamide (GLB, 0.6 mg/kg body weight). Groups 4 and 5 were diabetic rats who received a low-dose (30 mg/kg) and a high-dose (90 mg/kg) of DOAE orally for 4 weeks. Then, lipid profile, total antioxidant capacity, histopathological examinations, and molecular studies were conducted. Results: DOAE was more effective than GLB in reducing blood glucose, lipid parameters, liver enzymes, and renal function. Micromorphological assay of livers, kidneys, and pancreas revealed significant restoration in diabetic groups treated with DOAE (90 mg/kg) and GLB compared to the DC group. Microribonuclic acid-21 (miR-21) was significantly expressed in DC but markedly lowered in both DOAE groups, while miR-24 and miR-126 were significantly suppressed in DC and expressed in the DOAE-treated groups. Conclusions: DOAE exerted significant antihyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic, antioxidant, and hepatorenal protective effects in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of two significant infrastructure projects in Iraq on the country and the region. It explores how the development of the Grand Faw Port and the Dry Canal, which are two projects connecting Iraq with Europe through Türkiye and Syria, could revolutionize Iraq's role in global trade and its overall economic landscape. The study employs a qualitative approach to assess the geopolitical advantages, strategic importance in the Middle East, and potential synergy with China's Belt and Road Initiative, especially with the potential to connect Iraq's projects with the China-Pakistani Economic Corridor. It also considers the role of these projects in energy transit and the associated challenges. The research suggests these projects could bring substantial economic and geopolitical benefits to Iraq, enhancing its regional influence and cooperation. This detailed examination highlights the strategic significance of these projects for Iraq's future economic development and international positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized data from the NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) to examine the variability of the terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) in Iraq between 2002 and 2019. The analysis focused on six grid cells representing the Iraqi territory. The season trend decomposition (SLT) method was used to decompose the signal time series of TWSA to reveal the seasonality, trend, and random noise for the six GRACE blocks. Results proved that Block01 in northwestern side of Iraq, experienced a significant reduction in TWS between 2002 and 2009, followed by a negative linear trend until 2015, and then a positive trend. Block02 which is located in the northeastern part of Iraq showed a decreasing trend in TWS until 2008, after which it had a positive trend. Block03 in the western central side of Iraq reveals a decrease in TWS from 2002 to 2008, followed by a negative linear trend until 2016, and then a positive trend. Block04 in the eastern Mesopotamian plain had a minor increase in TWS until 2006, followed by a substantial decrease until 2016, before stabilizing and showing a positive trend. Block05 in the southwestern side of Iraq demonstrated a continuous decline in TWSA. In contrast, TWS increased in block6 on the southeastern side from 2002 to 2007, then decreased from 2007 to 2009. TWSA levels remained stable from 2009 to 2016, then increased from 2016 to the end of 2019. The seasonal fluctuations in TWS varied across the blocks, but generally, surpluses were observed in winter and spring, while deficits were observed in summer and autumn. The shortage in TWS is attributed to drought and excessive use of groundwater for irrigation. The recent positive trends in TWS in some blocks suggest that the drought may be coming to an end, but further analysis is necessary to reach a definitive conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Aim/Question Methods Results Discussion Implications for Practice Mental health conditions cause a huge burden on individuals and healthcare systems. According to the World Health Organization, around 970 million individuals worldwide had a mental disorder in 2019.To explore the attitudes towards mental health conditions among the Iraqi community and determine factors influencing such attitudes.A cross‐sectional survey was conducted on 1394 individuals of the Iraqi general population between December 2022 and February 2023 using a self‐administered online questionnaire in Arabic, utilising convenience and snowball sampling. The data were analysed using R Statistical Software.In total, 763 (54.73%) individuals had positive attitudes towards mental health conditions. The multivariate regression analysis revealed the males and age group of 46 years, and more were significantly associated with negative attitudes (p = 0.001, p = 0.045 respectively).Individuals with mental health conditions experience stigmatising attitudes as in the Middle East jeopardising their treatment and recovery. This is the first study to address the Iraqi population's attitudes towards mental health conditions indicating overall positive attitudes.Health promotions must be conducted by educators, healthcare workers and universities to dispel the myths. Future studies with extensive sampling will help clarify the obscurity of mental health conditions in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the heavy metal content in dust storm samples from Erbil, Iraq, along with four other locations. Using ICP-MS, Cd, Ni, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, Fe and As were determined. The health risks due to exposure to these metals through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact were assessed for both adults and children. Non-carcinogenic risks were evaluated using the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). Children faced a cumulative risk with HQ > 0.2 for As and Cr and HI > 1. The carcinogenic risk was measured using the carcinogenic risk factor (CRF), which fell below 10–6, indicating low cancer risk. However, children had a higher cancer risk (10−4 to 10−6) for As. The pollution indices revealed varying pollution levels from unpolluted to moderately polluted in the studied areas. Overall, this study highlights potential health risks associated with heavy metal exposure during dust storms, particularly for children, and emphasises the importance of addressing these concerns to safeguard public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has significant impacts on natural systems, especially in terms of altering hydrological patterns due to changing precipitation and melting snow and ice. This study examines projected changes in precipitation for central and southern Iraq under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for the periods 2046-2065 and 2081-2100 using CMIP5 climate model HadGEM2-AO output. The results revealed that under RCP4.5, there was large spatial variation in the projected precipitation over the region during 2064-2065, ranging from as low as 27 mm in western part to as high as 1541 mm in the eastern part. The spatial variability as well as precipitation amount decreased considerably during 2081-2100 periods. Under RCP8.5 the projected precipitation was only 14-164 mm in 2046-2065 and 36-532 mm in 2081-2100 periods. Thus, under RCP8.5 scenario anticipated precipitation will be quite low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic brought to the forefront various public health approaches, including the consumption of dietary supplements (DS) as a protective measure. With misinformation regarding the virus and the associated benefits of DS prevalent, this study aimed to understand knowledge, habits, and beliefs related to DS usage as a protective measure during the pandemic in Malaysia and Iraq, two countries with deep‐rooted traditions in herbal and supplement usage. Methods: A cross‐sectional research study was conducted between September 2021 and March 2022 using a validated online survey. The participants included Malaysians and Iraqis aged 18 years and above who currently consume DS. Using the SurveyMonkey® platform, data were collected from 2425 respondents (response rate = 60.6%), with analysis carried out using SPSS version 28. Results: Demographically, the sample had an almost equal distribution of Malaysians (51%) and Iraqis (49%), with a mean age of 30.61. The majority had tertiary education (78.6%), and only a fraction had been infected with COVID‐19 (26.2%). Concerning knowledge, a significant portion exhibited poor understanding (84.2%) of DS's functioning and implications. Regarding habits, many respondents consumed multivitamins (75.2%), with influence largely coming from peers (23.5%) and product leaflets (46.7%). Belief‐wise, about half (49.2%) utilized herbal or supplemental products as a protective measure during the pandemic, with vitamin C with zinc being the most commonly used (45.4%). Conclusion: The study underlines a significant inclination towards DS usage in Malaysia and Iraq, influenced by societal connections and available information. While many believe in the protective capacities of DS against COVID‐19, a substantial knowledge gap persists. It emphasizes the need for evidence‐based awareness campaigns and policies to guide public health decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to study the conspicuous impact of the changing historical and political situation in Iraq on the Kurdish intellectual and literary production with particular attention to Kurdish women’s position and perspective on these changes. Focusing on the hectic periods of the Kurdish history and national movement in Iraq, the article answers such intriguing questions as how do the social and political discourses in Iraq shape Kurdish women’s roles and contributions and how has the interplay between Kurdish nationalism and women’s participation developed within the different literary, intellectual and political circles. Chronicling the various socio‐political dimensions of Kurdish national movement and investigating the ways in which Kurdish women’s participation has been relegated both by the Iraqi regimes and within the Kurdish national movements, the article presents a content analysis of different intentions, oversights, and insights of Kurdish and non‐Kurdish political, literary and intellectual actors regarding Kurdish women’s changing roles and desires in Iraq and of the images by which Kurdish women have been presented, thereby positioning itself within a socio‐political studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is a crucial and sustainable source of electricity that may be harnessed for a long duration without causing pollution. Moreover, it reduces pollution, thus improving the quality of life and reducing the cost of energy in the long term. This study analyzes and uses the modified Angstrőm-Prescott equation to estimate the monthly average global solar radiation in the Erbil governorate depending on latitude and daylight hours. The data is collected from the Agriculture Directorate in Erbil for ten stations in different locations for the period (2016-2023). Results show that the global solar energy in the region reaches a maximum of 8.4 kW.day-1.m-2 in the summertime and descends to a minimum of 1.6 kW.day-1.m-2 in winter. The equation used to estimate global solar energy is in strong agreement with measured data from the ground base weather station, and to validate the results, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and residual mean square error (RMSE) were used. They found the value of MAPE = 4.34 -7.98 and RMSE= 0.183-0.426, indicating that the model is suitable for estimating solar radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nurses, comprising the largest profession in healthcare, play a significant role in the identification and management of mental health disorders in hospitals. Objectives: The study assessed the knowledge and attitudes of non-psychiatric nurses and their encounters with depressive patients throughout their careers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study with 400 non-psychiatric nurses from different hospitals in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq during October and November 2022. The independent Student's t -test, one-way analysis of variance, and binary logistic regression were used to assess possible factors associated with knowledge and attitude toward depression. Results: In this study, 400 non-psychiatric nurses were examined, revealing a mean age of 31.57 ± 8.59 years. Their mean scores for knowledge and attitude toward depression were 5.41 out of a maximum of 11 (standard deviation 1.15) and 5.15 out of 18 (standard deviation 1.83), respectively. Notably, differences in mean knowledge scores were observed concerning participant marital status (P =.044), while disparities in mean attitude scores are related to participant gender (P =.010). Upon binary logistic regression analysis, none of the independent variables exhibited an association with good knowledge. Nevertheless, gender emerged as a significant factor influencing attitude toward depression (odds ratio: 0.51; 95% confidence interval: 0.30–0.86; P =.012). Subsequently, in the multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, gender sustained significance (adjusted odds ratio: 0.573; 95% confidence interval: 0.348–0.942; P =.028) as the key variable impacting attitudes toward depression among non-psychiatric nurses. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, nurses have insufficient awareness and management skills for depression. It has been experienced and reported that nurses lack knowledge and an attitude toward depression management. The study highlights a significant gap in nurses' skills for managing depression, urging the immediate improvement of training programs. Customizing these programs to enhance nurses' abilities in identifying and managing depression is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic infection that has significant effects on public health and causes economic losses in the livestock industry. The current study was designed to detect the Toxoplasma parasite in sheep blood samples and tissue samples of slaughtered sheep at the Sulaimani abattoir using molecular technique. A total of 300 peripheral sheep blood samples were randomly collected from 20 small ruminant flocks at 4 locations in the Sulaymaniyah province, northern Iraq. Also, 150 meat samples from thigh muscle, heart, and diaphragm were collected from slaughtered sheep. All collected blood samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to confirm Toxoplasma infection; in addition, meat samples were also analyzed for Toxoplasma by PCR following the digestion process. Of the 300 amplified blood samples, 94 were considered positive for Toxoplasma gondii, with a prevalence rate of 31.3%. The overall prevalence of Toxoplasma among meat samples was 34%. The diaphragm reported a higher infection rate (46%) than the heart (32%), while the femoral muscle reported an infection rate of 24%. Aged animals (older than 24 months) presented a higher infection rate (32.8%) than younger animals (28.9%). Contact with or consumption of uncooked meat from infected sheep increases the chance of parasite transmission to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the working conditions have a significant impact on one's health. Because of their line of work, traffic cops are continuously exposed to health risks all over the world. Aim: To assess the health status of traffic police in Duhok Governorate and common health issues that arise from their line of work. Methods: In the province of Duhok, a cross-sectional study was carried out between September and December of 2023. Using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Interviews were conducted using a pretested questionnaire following informed consent. Data pertaining to the physical health profile and sociodemographic profile were gathered. Results: In all, 150 traffic police who were older than 25 were included in the study. Of the total population, 100% were men, and 49.333% had completed secondary school. Of the respondents, 45 (or 30%) had diabetes, 88 (or 58.667%) had hypertension, 12 (8%) had respiratory issues, 43 (or 28.667%) had headache issues, 68 (or 45.333%) complained of musculoskeletal pain, and 32 (or 21.333%) had eye issues. Of the traffic police, 79 (52.667%) were smokers. The majority of the study's sample, comprising 99 traffic cops with over 15 years of experience, and 92 traffic cops with over 6 hours of work, are included in the study. Conclusion: We came to the conclusion that the majority of police officers experience fatigue from their jobs and that these conditions are brought on by their jobs. The majority of police officers disregard physical examinations and do not wear any protective gear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medical Journal of Babylon is the property of Wolters Kluwer India Pvt Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medical Journal of Babylon is the property of Wolters Kluwer India Pvt Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the aridity index (AI) based on gridded climate data was validated for defining aridity and classifying aridity zones in Iraq through comparison with the results obtained by the station-based aridity index. Gauge-based gridded climate data taken from Climatic Research Unit Timeseries (CRU TS) were used to determine the annual value of four aridity indices (Lang, De Martonne, Ernic and UNEP AI) over the period 1998-2011. The results showed that the aridity distribution maps derived using grid-based aridity indices were reasonably close to those found using station-based ones. The four aridity indices properly identified similar aridity (dryness) classifications in both the station-based and grid-based aridity maps. The area percentage of each aridity class predicted by grid-based AIs was also compared with that obtained by the station-based AIs. The results showed that the variances between the area percentages predicted by grid-based AIs and those estimated using station-based AIs are fairly slight. The Lang AI exhibited the least variance (0.4%) while the De Martonne AI had the biggest variance (-4.8%). Despite these minor variances, it is however possible to conclude that the grid-based aridity index classified the aridity zones of Iraq as properly as the station-based aridity index did. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nineveh Plain region of Northern Iraq is a site of ecological and cultural diversity. Between 2014 and 2017, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), also known as Daesh, severely disrupted the region, resulting in community displacement, particularly for members of ethnic minority groups. This article highlights an ongoing multinational, multidisciplinary collaboration between botanists, ecologists, mental and public health specialists, sociologists, and anthropologists to foster cultural and ecological restoration among the Christian, Yezidi, Shabak, Turkman, and Kaka'i minority groups of the Plains. Members of these groups identified wild plant collection as an important cultural and economic practice and expressed a shared concern over the decreased access to wild plant resources. Researchers are partnering with local communities using engaged, decolonial methodologies to bring communities together around this shared interest in wild plants. Project activities include producing videos highlighting local plant knowledge, hosting workshops on using wild plants for art and textile design, offering trainings on herbal medicine, collecting recipes for a wild plant cookbook, and increasing awareness of the sustainable use of wild plants. Through collaborative knowledge production, this partnership aims to bring diverse stakeholders together around an interest in wild plants to promote cultural understanding and exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the microorganism preparation, effective microorganisms (EM-1), the chemical inducer chitosan, and plant extracts to control broad bean root rot pathogens under laboratory conditions. Many species of fungi were isolated and diagnosed from the roots of broad bean plants infected with root rot. The most common pathogenic fungi were Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina, isolated from all regions. The results showed that microorganism preparation EM1 inhibited the growth of R. solani (Rs4) and M. phaseolina (Mp6) on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium at 10 and 15% concentration with 100% inhibition compared to the control treatments. Chitosan also inhibited the growth of R. solani and M. phaseolina in the PDA medium; however, treatments with Sinapis alba (Mustard), Plantago spp. (Plantago), and Sinapis arvensis (Charlock) plant extracts were variable under similar conditions. S. alba inhibited the growth of these fungi at 10 and 15%, and 100% inhibition was recorded. The Plantago extract was specifically effective against R. solani. The results of this study are the first in Iraq to demonstrate the effectiveness of the chemical inducer chitosan in inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic fungi that cause the root rot disease of broad beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global pivot towards sustainable energy solutions necessitates a closer examination of green hydrogen production using renewable energy sources. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and efficiency of green hydrogen production on an industrial scale using solar and wind energy in Diyala city, Iraq. Experimental weather data, including solar irradiance, ambient temperature, and wind speed, were meticulously collected throughout 2022. The analysis indicated that, for wind energy, the optimum electrolyser capacity that matched a 1.5 MW wind turbine achieved a hydrogen production of 11,963 kg/year, with associated costs of $8.87/kg. In contrast, when focusing on solar energy, the ideal electrolyser capacity harmonizing with a 2 MW solar photovoltaic generated a notably higher hydrogen output of 94,432 kg/year at a more competitive cost of $6.33/kg. These findings underscore the potential economic advantages of solar-based green hydrogen production over wind-based methods in Diyala city. Furthermore, the significant difference in hydrogen production yields between the two methods emphasizes the need to optimize renewable infrastructure based on location-specific renewable resources. This study offers valuable insights into tailoring green hydrogen production strategies in regions with similar climatic conditions to Diyala and serves as a blueprint for future renewable energy-driven hydrogen production initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Babesiosis is one of the important diseases in cattle and buffaloes, the current study conducting to diagnoses and evaluate the infection by B.pigeamina in buffaloes during the period of November 2022 to September 2023. Methods: The study included 210 animals of both sexes and varied ages. The blood sampling from 220 water buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) in the north of Basrah governorate during the period of November 2022 to September 2023; the samples collected from both sexes and different ages ranged between 1 to 5 years. At these ten months 20 blood samples was randomly collected each month to compared with the control 10 animals. Results: The blood smear from infected buffaloes show the parasite clearly while the clinical signs reported as: babesiosis confirm 16% (32 affected animals) represented by fever, emaciation, anorexia, low milk production, jaundice of mucous membrane, corneal opacity and hemoglobinuria. The subclinical infected buffaloes which represented 41% (82 affected animals) appear healthy with no clinical signs. Also indicate that were no significant differences (P < 0.05) between the infected and control group. The hematological parameters show significant differences (P < 0.05) in RBCs count, total WBC count, deferential LC, Hb concentration and PCV in the infected buffaloes compare to the control animals while there were no significant differences (P >0.05) between the subclinical and control buffaloes except the RBCs count. The serological examination revealed to significant differences (P < 0.05) in the infected group in posit to the control especially the liver enzymes and kidney function test enzymes which include: AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, creatinine and TP. Moreover, According the season and months the study detects the high infection rate in the summer while there were decrease in the infection rate in the mild or cold weather months. Moreover, the study indicates the high infection percentage in females compare to the male sex. Conclusion: Babesiosis is very important disease in Buffaloes in north of Basrah and there are no significant differences in infection rates between male and female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most prominent opportunistic bacterial pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections and has been associated with antibiotic resistance. The high rates of resistance have made it difficult to choose the appropriate treatment and put the lives of infected patients at risk of death. This study aimed to isolate A. baumannii from urinary tract infections (UTI) and detect the bacterial ability to form biofilms from clinical samples. Materials and Methods: In this study, A. baumannii bacteria were isolated from several sources (UTI). The microtiter plate method revealed biofilm formation. Clinical specimens were grown on selective media. The A. baumannii was identified by classical techniques; the VITECK combined 2 system and 16S rRNA gene amplification. Results: From the 130 suspected isolates, 20 isolates were obtained from A. baumannii multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) types. Among them, 14 (70%) were MDR and 6 (30%) were XDR types. Conclusion: The results showed that A. baumannii bacteria were more resistant to antibiotics and had strong biofilm formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Enterobius vermicularis (E. vermicularis) is a parasitic nematode infecting humans, mainly children, with a prevalence rate above 35% in some countries. Its molecular studies are still scant. Precise diagnosis and understanding of genetic variation are essential in managing enterobiasis. This study used DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to detect E. vermicularis by genetic variation in the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) gene. Materials and Methods: Stool samples were collected randomly from 56 infected patients and 60 healthy individuals as the control group. Genomic DNA was isolated, and PCR was done using primers against ITS2 region of rDNA. Our research was conducted with the utmost thoroughness, as evidenced by DNA sequencing determining the genetic associations and variations of rDNA (ITS2) among E. vermicularis isolates. The sequences were then compared with NCBI-BLAST sequences for the genetic homology and variation analysis, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the results. Results: In the molecular testing, 32 of the 56 samples were positive for the ITS2 gene of E. vermicularis. The percentage identity of local E. vermicularis IQN.1-10 isolates with those available in the NCBI-BLAST database homology ranged from 99.54% to 99.56%. The genetic variation analysis revealed three deletions and substitution mutations, with a total variation percentage of 0.44% to 0.46%. These findings not only provide a deeper understanding of E. vermicularis but also hold promise for the development of more effective strategies for managing enterobiasis, giving hope for the future. Conclusion: The results indicated high accuracy of the molecular diagnosis and the importance of ITS2 as the most important genetic marker due to its highly conserved nature. These new data on E. vermicularis genotypes from Iraq reflect the diversity and thus warrant further molecular studies across Iraq to effectively consider the genetic landscape and help in diagnostic and control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the motivations of government-sponsored Kurdish students to study abroad and the reasons for choosing a particular country as their destination choice. Based on data we collected through an online survey and follow-up interviews, we compare demographic differences to explore the diversity among this cohort. The findings of the study show that motivations for overseas education are mainly related to career advancement and experiencing a good quality education. The study also shows that social agents have less influence on Kurdish students who tend to be older and more independent than most study abroad students.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting children, characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behavior. Consanguineous marriages increase the likelihood of discovering recessive conditions and promoting gene expression, leading to autosomal recessive disorders. Immunity also plays a vital role in autism development, with changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations or synthesis indicative of aberrant cellular immunity. This research aims to determine the effects of consanguinity on autism, measure interferon-gamma salivary levels, and examine the relationship between autistic subjects' dental health condition and caries occurrence. Materials and Methods: Forty autistic children were divided into mild, moderate, and severe categories according to their symptoms and social impairments. The oral investigation involved calculating decayed, missing, and filled teeth and simplified oral hygiene indices. Salivary samples were collected via the drooling technique, and salivary interferon-gamma levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Consanguineous marriage was significant in the patient group, and salivary interferongamma levels were considerably elevated. A higher occurrence of dental caries was detected in autistic individuals. As disease severity increases, dental caries and oral health conditions also worsen. Conclusion: Consanguinity increases the incidence of autism due to the likelihood of recessively inherited congenital abnormalities. Autism has higher levels of interferon-gamma, which play a role in the condition's pathophysiology. Additionally, inadequate oral health was noticed in autistic children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main objective of this study is to develop a substance that can enhance the absorption of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer and protect the surrounding tissues of the tumor during radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: The dimensions of the specimen are 40 mm x 55 mm in length and width, with a thickness of 6 mm based on Iraqi population studies. The sample was composed of four groups, A, B, C, and D. Each group was exposed to two different types of energy, 4 MEV, and 9 MEV, by the VARIANI X2300 radiation machine. Results: The amount of radiation penetration was measured and statistically analyzed using Levene's and two-way ANOVA tests to determine the differences and identify the best materials. The data from this study show a highly significant difference (p-value < 0.001) in radiation penetration between all groups. Conclusion: The stent made with a combination of cold-cure acrylic and tungsten alloy has the lowest radiation penetration at 4 MEV and 9 MEV energy levels, making it the best material stent for protecting healthy tissues against radiation. On the other hand, stents made solely with cold-cure acrylic offer poor radiation protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]