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A robust well-balanced finite volume scheme is proposed for simulating the flash floods due to rainfall-runoff process. The solver's implementation on unstructured triangular meshes is based on a Godunov-type second-order upwind finite volume formulation, and Roe's average scheme is used to determine the fluxes. The bed slope, friction and rainfall source terms are discretized using an upwind approach. The suggested algorithm uses the slope limiter and Hancock's predictor-corrector method in order to secure numerical stability. The proposed model overwhelms the drawbacks of many commercial codes that use the finite difference, finite elements and finite volume in their scheme, especially in dealing with rapid change in topography. The prepared scheme solves the two-dimensional shallow water equations over a real topography of Hishkaro basin located in Duhok city in Kurdistan of Iraq where the variation of bed elevation reaches 717 m. The scheme is validated against real observed data in Duhok city provided by the Sewage directory. The data of five observation points over the study area were used to validate the code. The results showed that the max water level reaches 3.67, 2.12, 1.20, 0.67 and 0.3 m at observed points 3, 2, 4, 1 and 5, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presented study probed to compare two naturally grown oak species in the District Atrush, Dohuk Governorate, Northern Iraq. These two species were Quercus aegilops L. and Quercus infectoria Oliv., which belonged to the genus Quercus L. The research employed two methods to determine the comparative anatomical characteristics, i.e., chemically separating cells (Maceration) and mechanically separating cells using the Macrotome. The results showed significant differences in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the wood of the two studied species. It helps diagnose and separate the two species, which were similar in phenotypic attributes. Quercus infectoria acorns appeared with lengthier vascular elements than edible oak wood. However, the eating oak was distinguishable by the vessel elements, which had a larger diameter than the gall oak. The edible oak differed by the greater thickness of the vessel wall than that of the stump oak vessel. An edible oak also illustrated greater values of the vessel element cavity diameter, the inner diameter of the inserted holes, and the fiber length and diameter. However, the acorn gall demonstrates a fiber wall of superior thickness to the edible oak fiber wall. The Runkel ratio was 0.499 and 0.937 in the species Quercus aegilops and Quercus infectoria, respectively. Thus, according to Runkel's ratio, the edible acorn was better in paper pulp manufacturing and the paper compared with the acorns.The qualitative traits also contributed to the diagnosis and isolation of two studied species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generating a DNA profile using autosomal Short Tandem Repeat (STR) DNA allele from skeletal remains is a crucial step in the identification process for mass disaster and unidentified person situations. The capacity to extract substantial amounts of relevant DNA from bones, which were highly durable biological components that can withstand soil elements and climatic conditions over long periods of time, would be advantageous. 70 femur male bone samples were collected from two different environmental mass graves (Al-Mahaweel massgrave) in Babil governorate and (Al-Saqlawiya massgrave) in Al-Anbar governorate in Iraq. The DNA from bone samples extracts were assessed by capillary electrophoresis and a standardized set of short tandem repeat (STR) loci are analyzed using Mutiplex 21 STR loci System to allow human identification by matching the profile of the dead individuals with their relatives. From these two different sites; soil samples were collected to analyze and study the different environmental factors and find a relation between the degree of preservation or degradation with these factors like temperature, humidity, salinity, PH and texture of soil and find how these factors can affect on pattern of degradation of DNA profiles. The average of the percentage of the detected alleles in each locus in the two sites; were 87% for Al-Mahaweel site and 32% for Al-Saqlawiya site. we found that clay soil, low salt concentration, PH slightly alkaline and low humidity for Al-Mahaweel site; all participate in DNA preservation while the chalky and very high salt concentration of Al-Saqlawiya site soil; all participate in DNA degradation. Predicting the effect of these factors on the quality of the DNA profiles can be helpful in finding better solutions for many complications that may face the process of analyzing samples and finding sufficient informative profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bird species, particularly poultry and other bird types, including domestic pigeons, are susceptible to fowl pox, a contagious viral disease. The main goal of this study was to validate clinical avipoxvirus diagnoses using molecular analytical methods. The essential components of the investigation were the clinical signs, visible abnormalities, histological changes, and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Twenty out of 120 pigeons had clinical symptoms, which included yellowish crust or nodules near the feet, eyes, and beak. An erosive epidermal lesion and an epidermal acanthotic papular lesion with basal vacuolation were maculopapular evidence associated with significant epidermal hyperkeratosis, as confirmed by histological analysis. In addition, the results showed keratinocyte necrosis beneath the hyperkeratotic epidermal layer, together with superficial and deep dermal perivascular lymphocytic infiltration. In addition, the P4b core protein gene underwent phylogenetic analysis. The sequence analysis results indicated a high degree of similarity across the local strains, with just minor variations observed. Five sample sequences were selected and submitted to the NCBI database. These sequences were identified as OR187728, OR187729, OR187730, OR187731, and OR187732. All the various strains in this research may be classified under clade A of the chicken pox virus phylogenetic classification. This study presents the first description and characterization of pox virus infections in domestic pigeons inside the Basrah governorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Evaluating immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination is paramount to understanding vaccine effectiveness and optimizing public health interventions. This study seeks to elucidate individuals' immune status after administering a second dose of diverse COVID-19 vaccines. By analyzing immune responses through serological markers, we aim to contribute valuable insights into the uniformity of vaccine performance. Methods: A total of 80 participants were enrolled in this study, with demographic and COVID-19 infection-related data collected for categorization. Serum samples were acquired within a specified timeframe, and SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG rapid tests were conducted. Moreover, CTLA-4 levels were measured through ELISA assays, allowing us to assess the immune responses comprehensively. The participants were divided into eight groups based on various factors, facilitating a multifaceted analysis. Results: The outcomes of our investigation demonstrated consistent immune responses across the diverse types of COVID-19 vaccines administered in Iraq. Statistical analysis revealed no significant distinctions among the vaccine categories. In contrast, significant differences were observed in CTLA-4 among the control group (non-infected/non-vaccinated, infected/non-vaccinated) and infected/Pfizer, non-infected/Pfizer, and infected/Sinopharm, non-infected/sinopharm (P = 0.001, < 0.001, 0.023, respectively). This suggests that these vaccines exhibit comparable effectiveness in eliciting an immune response among the study participants. Conclusions: In conclusion, our study's results underscore the lack of discriminatory variations between different COVID-19 vaccine types utilized in Iraq. The uniform immune responses observed signify the equitable efficacy and performance of these vaccines. Despite minor quantitative discrepancies, these variations do not hold statistical significance, reaffirming the notion that the various vaccines serve a similar purpose in conferring protection against COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur waste (SW) materials are piling up in Iraq, posing a costly disposal issue as well as gas emission concerns. An efficient way to reduce the consumption of a common filler (calcium carbonate; CaCO3) and hazardous gas emissions is to use SW as a mineral filler. For sustainable pavement construction, SW could be used as a mineral filler. This study analyzes this possibility. Sulfur waste asphalt concrete (SWAC) combinations with PG76-16 asphalt binder were constructed for the study, and they were tested against the CaCO3–asphalt concrete (AC) reference mixture. While the weight of SW in the SWAC mixtures ranged from 4% to 6% (by weight of aggregate), the CaCO3 concentration in the AC mixture was set at 5% (by weight of aggregate). Tests on the mechanical properties of AC and SWAC mixtures included the Marshall stability and Marshall quotient, as well as the static indirect tensile strength at 25 and 60 °C, and tensile strength ratio. To a lesser extent, the SWAC combinations have lower Marshall stability, tensile strength, and tensile strength ratio than AC mixture. Even at 5% SWAC, the values of tensile strength ratio are still higher than the minimum values of 85%. A greater flow rate indicates greater strain capacity to achieve failure in SWAC mixtures. All SWAC combinations meet the minimal ASTM standards of 8kN stability, 2–4 mm flow, 3–5% air voids, and 14% VMA at the same optimal binder content. In this study, it was determined that 4–5% by weight of aggregate can be recycled and used as a sustainable mineral filler for paving applications, where it is available and the cost of transportation is lower than CaCO3 filler materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (pedDTC) is a rare pediatric malignancy with an increasing incidence over time. To date, there is a paucity of literature specifically addressing pedDTC within the context of Middle Eastern ethnicity. This retrospective study aimed to assess the risk-stratifying factors for overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) in pediatric DTC patients from Iraq and Jordan. The medical records of 81 patients from two tertiary cancer institutes were retrieved. Kaplan–Meier analysis was employed to investigate OS and EFS, and the Cox proportional hazards model was employed to estimate hazard ratios. All patients underwent surgery and radioactive iodine therapy, with a median age of 14 and an interquartile range of 12–15. Lymph node involvement was observed in 55% of cases, while distant metastases were present in 13.5%. After a median follow-up period of 68 months, the 10-year survival rate was determined to be 94%, while the 10-year EFS rate was 58%. EFS was negatively impacted by cervical lymph node metastases and early age of diagnosis (p ≤ 0.01, each). Therefore, pediatrics with initial cervical lymph node metastases and those diagnosed before puberty tend to experience poorer EFS, which may justify the need for more aggressive management plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative bacterium that causes severe illnesses and is antibiotic-resistant. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance profile and prevalence of classII and III Iintegrons and ERIC -PCR among clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. The study was conducted between September 2022 and January 2023. Fifty isolates were obtained from 230 specimens (wounds, burns, blood, fluid, ears, urine and sputum). Macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical assays were used to identify all K.pneumoniae isolates, which were confirmed with the genetically by 16S rRNA. All isolates were examined for various types of clinically significant antibiotic drugs. The results of resistance to antibiotics indicated resistance to Amoxillineclavulanc acid(98%), Meropenem (38%), Ceftazidime (96%), Amikacin (48%), Trimethopri-sulfamethoxazole (58.62%) and Levofloxacin (46%). The testing for antibiotic susceptibility of the K.pneumoniaeisolate showed that 24 (48%) of the isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR). K.pneumoniae β-lactamase producers (ESBL) appeared33(66%). Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) amplification of 16 clinical K. pneumoniae isolates showed 14 (87.5 %) of Each of them revealed at least one amplification band. ERIC-PCR typing found two groups, A and B, with identical antimicrobial resistance patterns within the same group. While IntegronII showed that 1(6.25 %) of K. pneumoniae isolates was integrase gene positive. Class III integrons were seen in all isolates at a rate of 16 (100%). Continuous monitoring and characterization of integrons and their associated gene cassettes could be helpful in controlling the rate of antibiotic resistance by planning to take preventive measures to hinder the spread of resistant strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Syrian civil war enters its fifth year, with over four million refugees and no solution in the near future, the international community must better consider long-term planning in regards to the plight of refugees and services to support them, not just short-term emergency responses. Critically, higher education is all too often ignored when addressing refugee crises, pushed aside in favor of primary education, and effectively disempowering those best suited to eventually rebuild and reconstruct after war's end. This paper examines the often less considered aspect of refugee access to higher education, using Duhok, located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, as a case study, and hypothesizing that refugees' inclusion in Duhok's local higher education system can serve as an invaluable peacebuilding tool, bridging host and refugee communities, while empowering refugees to promote peacebuilding and development. We chose to focus on higher education because we agree with the idea espoused by Watenpaugh, Fricke, and Siegel that "university graduates … include Syria's brightest and most ambitious young people … the human capital that will be critical to the rebuilding of Syrian society after the conflict has ended." This study investigates Duhok area residents' perceptions of the Syrian refugee crisis and the refugee population, refugees' attitudes toward the host community and higher education, and personal views regarding intergroup relationships and the role of higher education, drawing primarily on field research conducted in 2013. Approached as a qualitative study, field research was conducted by a two-person team, with members representing the University of Duhok and New York University, and with the aim of actively working with research participants in the hopes of generating policy-related and practical recommendations.

The gene for coagulation factor VIII in hemophilia has more than 250 distinct mutations, and documentation of these mutations can predict the clinical phenotype, the likelihood of developing an FVIII inhibitor, and how an individual will react to the induction of immune tolerance. The current study set out to identify common mutations underlying hemophilia in a single center from Duhok/Iraq. All enrolled patients had molecular studies using inverse shifting PCR (IS-PCR) and limited sequencing to identify hemophilia-associated mutations. The current study included 80 hemophiliac patients with a median age of 15. 77.5% of patients (62) have a family history; the initial clinical features at diagnosis included skin and mucous membrane bleeding. No inhibitor was found among the enrolled patients, and the most common chronic complication included targeted joints in 56 individuals (70%) and predominantly involved the knee, elbow, and ankle joints. Other complications include viral infection, particularly HBV and HCV (8/80, 10%). The most common genetic mutations were Inversion 1, followed by Inversion 22 and point mutations in 35 (43.75%), 32 (40%), and 10 (12.5%) patients, respectively. One novel point mutation in exon 14 and only 3 (3.75%) cases remained uncharacterized. Inv. 1 and Inv.22 were associated significantly with the severity of hemophilia, target joint formation, more bleeding episodes, chronic pain, and viral hepatitis. Genetic heterogeneity of Hemophilia A in the region with predominant Inv. 1 is mainly related to ethnic variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has raised concerns due to its increased transmissibility and potential implications on clinical characteristics and outcomes in infected individuals. The aims of this report were to study the profile of SARS-CoV-2 infection with omicron variant, investigate the infection outcome, reinfection rates with associated factors, antibody levels, and explore the associations between biochemical markers and disease severity. This prospective cohort study was conducted in Duhok city in the Northern of Iraq. All volunteers with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 RT–PCR and confirmed Omicron infection who were older than 18 years old and agreed to participate were recruited for this study. The study was carried out from January to April 2022. There were 234 cases of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 RT–PCR Omicron infection. The mean age was 48.12±17.3 years, 43.2% were vaccinated, and 40.2% were male. Among the recruited patients, 99.1% recovered and did not need hospitalization. In this study, (38.9%) had a history of previously confirmed COVID-19 infection. Reinfection was significantly higher in females than males (p=0.04; OR= 0.56). It was found that the IgG antibody levels were higher in patients who received Pfizer-BioNTech than in those who received other vaccines (p=0.001). The levels of IgG were also significantly higher in patients with mild infection (p=0.046), whereas the levels of D-dimer were significantly higher in patients with severe cases of the infection compared to those with mild or moderate cases (p=0.001). Additionally, the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were observed to be higher in individuals with moderate cases of infection than in mild and severe cases (0.001). Individuals who contracted the Omicron strain generally had positive outcomes. Reinfection with the Omicron variant was relatively high. IgG levels were higher in patients with mild disease, implying that they were associated with decreased disease severity. We found significant associations between D-dimer levels and the severity of the disease. Additional research is required to investigate the long-term effects of Omicron infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness and potential adverse reactions when providing a different Pfizer-BioNTech booster shot to 235 volunteers who had previously received the BBIBPCorV Sinopharm primary vaccination series. Between February and December 2022, a questionnairebased cross-sectional study was conducted in Duhok, located within the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The individuals included in the study were adults aged 18 and above, who had received a Pfizer-BioNTech booster shot following the completion of a two-dose vaccination regimen with Sinopharm (BBIBPCorV). The findings revealed that among those vaccinated with BBIBP-CorV, there were breakthrough infections at a rate of 4.26%, and no significant correlation was identified between post-vaccination infections and factors such as demographics or medical history. Furthermore, individuals who had a Pfizer booster dose experienced breakthrough infections at a rate of 5.73%, and similarly, no link was discovered between this rate and demographic or medical factors. Additionally, the study uncovered that participants commonly experienced side effects, primarily consisting of mild effects at the injection site. The study implies that both the Sinopharm and Pfizer vaccines demonstrate satisfactory safety profiles. It also suggests that giving a heterologous booster dose to individuals who have finished their primary vaccination with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine offers a significant level of protection against infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The effect of correcting metabolic acidosis on protein metabolism in hemodialysis patients is controversial. Objectives. To study the effects of oral sodium bicarbonate on protein metabolism and markers of inflammation in acidotic hemodialysis patients. Patients and Methods. An open-label randomized controlled trial was conducted at a single center. Sixty-six clinically stable adult hemodialysis patients were recruited with an average predialysis serum bicarbonate level of <22 mmol/l and a dialysate bicarbonate concentration of 35 mmol/l. Forty-nine participants have completed the study. Oral sodium bicarbonate tablets of 500 mg were given daily in the intervention group (n = 25) for 12 weeks versus the standard of care in the control group (n = 24). Outcomes compared intervention versus nonintervention in both groups at equivalent time points (0 and 3 months). The clinical data, anthropometry, dialysis adequacy, albumin, normalized protein catabolism rate, blood gas analysis, and bicarbonate were recorded at 0 and 3 months. In addition, muscle mass and handgrip strength were measured. Finally, IL-6 as a marker of inflammation was measured at randomization and three months. Results. Serum bicarbonate and pH increased significantly from 17.57 ± 3.34 mmol/L to 20.69 ± 2.54 mmol/L and from 7.26 ± 0.06 to 7.34 ± 0.04, respectively (p < 0.0001). Serum albumin was significantly higher in the intervention group at three months than in the control group, 4.11 ± 0.45 vs. 3.79 ± 0.47 (p value 0.011). Serum potassium significantly decreased in the intervention group at three months compared to the control group, 5.00 ± 0.43 mEq/l vs. 5.33 ± 0.63 mEq/l (p value 0.03). Muscle strength expressed as handgrip has improved significantly in the intervention group at three months compared to the control group, 45.01 ± 19.19 vs. 33.93 ± 15.06 (p value 0.03). The IL-6 values were less in the intervention group at 3 months with a p value of 0.01. The interdialytic weight of the intervention group at three months was 2.42 ± 0.64 compared to the 2.20 ± 1.14 control group, but this did not reach statistical significance (p value of 0.4). The composite of (albumin + nPCR) at three months was achieved in 59.18% of the intervention group compared to 14.28% with a p value of 0.01. Conclusions. Correcting metabolic acidosis in hemodialysis patients improved serum albumin and nPCR without hypokalemia or significant interdialytic weight gain. This was particularly evident in patients with minimal inflammation with low IL-6 values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating evidence suggests that Wnt/β-catenin pathways play an important role in the physiological processes of endometrial development and differentiation, preimplantation embryo development, and blastocyst implantation. The objective of the current study was to signify the association between Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway and recurrent spontaneous miscarriage and examine the expression of β-catenin firsttrimester villi and decidua in women with spontaneous miscarriage. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Saladin General Hospital from the 1st of January to the 1st of October 2021. A convenient sample of 80 pregnant women was enrolled in the current study and consisted of group A (40 pregnant women who were presented with first or second miscarriage) and group B (40 pregnant women who were presented with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage). There was a significant association between decreased β-catenin and recurrent miscarriage as 77.5% of the women who presented with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage had decreased levels of β-catenin, while only 32.5% of those with first or second miscarriage had decreased levels of βcatenin. The results of the current study implied that β-catenin is a valuable biomarker for unexplained recurrent spontaneous miscarriage. The women who presented with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage had a decreased expression of β-catenin . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derbendikhan reservoir is located on the southeast of Sulaimani city 35° 6' 35" N, 45° 41' 20" E, it is the second largest reservoir in the Iraqi Kurdistan region at an altitude of 485 m above sea level. It was formed when the dam was constructed in1956–1961. The area is about 114.30 km2 with the maximum depth of 75.0 m. Silurus triostegus is one of twenty genera of fish that are endemic to Derbendikhan reservoir, Seasonal sampling for 64 samples of fish for 11 sites was carried out from November 2018 to August 2019, Fishing was performed with gill nets of 18, 25, 33, 40, and 55 mm inner mesh sizes. The goal of this research is to determine the level of PAHs in, fish muscle of Silurus triostegus, because fish as an important food source for man and it's the primary indicator of the toxification of streams and lakes, on the other hand, PAH will cause many health problems including cancer, in addition, this information may be used as a database for any environmental modeling in the future, this study was carried out. Results indicate increasing in PAH in the spring season, although, as a result of fishing activities using old boats and ships at a high rate, in addition to the changes of water temperature in different season. PAH in the muscle of fish (0.098–1.271 μg/g) were above the WHO maximum permissible limit of 0.001 μg/g. The main conclusion is that the fish muscle contains high amounts of PAHs through bioaccumulation and biomagnifications. Finally, the lake needs immediate attention to reduce improper waste disposal and improve on measures against indiscriminate dumping of petroleum products and domestic waste in the water, which are the major sources of petrogenic and pyrogenic PAHs should be minimized, and the treatment of the sewage before its discharge into the reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Five variants of concern (VOCs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV‐2) have been globally recorded including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. The Omicron variant has outcompeted the other variants including the Delta variant. Molecular screenings of VOCs are important for surveillance, treatment, and vaccination programs. This study aimed to identify VOCs by using rapid inexpensive methods and partial sequencing of the virus's spike gene. Methods: Mutation‐specific rRT PCR probes were used for both D614G and K417N mutations to potentially discriminate between Delta and Omicron variants. These were followed by sequencing of a fragment of spike gene (748 nucleotides), which covers the most notable VOC mutations in the receptor binding domain of SARS CoV‐2. Results: Rapid methods showed that out of 24 SARS CoV‐2 positive samples, 19 carried the N417 mutation, which is present in the Omicron variant. Furthermore, 3 samples carried K417 wildtype, which is present in the Delta variant. Additionally, 2 samples containing both K417 and N417 suggested mixed infections between the two variants. The D614G mutation was present in all samples. Among the 4 samples sequenced, 3 samples carried 13 mutations, which are present in Omicron BA.1. The fourth sample contained the two common mutations (T478K and L452R) present in Delta, in addition to two more rare mutations (F456L and F490S), which are not commonly seen in Delta. Our data suggested that both Omicron variant BA.1 and a novel Delta variant might have circulated in this region that needs further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kirkuk University Journal for Scientific Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims Amoxiclav antibiotic is a commonly prescribed medication for many medical situations. One of the side effects of amoxiclav is hepatotoxicity. Coenzyme Q10, as a potent anti-oxidant, can play a beneficial role in reducing various drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The present study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 against amoxiclav-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat model. Materials & Methods 24 male albino rats weighing 150-250g were randomly divided into four groups of six animals. The control group was given normal saline; the amoxiclav group was given 30mg/Kg/day of amoxiclav orally for 30 days; In the amoxiclav and CoQlO group, each animal was given orally 30mg/Kg of amoxiclav, and 100mg/Kg CoQlO orally daily for 30 days; In CoQlO group, each rat was given 100mg/Kg CoQlO orally daily for 30 days. Atthe end of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized and then scarified to assess the serum liver enzymes, as well as liver tissue samples were obtained for histopathological study. Finding; Liver function parameters were significantly elevated in the animal group treated with amoxiclav, and hepatocellular necrosis and congestion were observed in histopathological examination. Concomitant treatment with CoQlO and amoxiclav significantly reduced the liver enzymes and improved hepatocellular congestion and inflammation. Conclusion CoQlO is a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent that can be used to reduce amoxiclav-induced hepatotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Insurgents of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant created a crisis that has had immediate and long-term consequences for the population in Iraq. Yazidis are among the most affected ethnos religious groups in the region. The current study focuses on investigating the level of psychological distress and its association with subjective resilience among the Yazidi minority 6 years after the attack by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Methods: The present study recruited four hundred and twenty-two Yazidi individuals (50.8% female) residing in two camps in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. In face-to-face interviews, each participant replied to different scales to measure psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress), perceived stress, and subjective resilience. In addition, they were asked questions about mental health and psychosocial service acquisition. Results: The results indicate that levels of psychological distress were high among the target population; around 65% of respondents reported having some level of psychological distress. Moreover, women showed not only higher level of psychological distress but also revealed slightly lower subjective resilience as compared to male participants. Hierarchical regressions showed that subjective resilience significantly contributed to the predictive model of distress beyond demographics and having received or not mental health and psychosocial support. Subjective resilience was significantly associated to less anxiety (R2adj =.157, ΔR2 =.022, p =.010) and stress (R2adj =.083, ΔR2 =.026, p =.008) in Mam-Rashan camp; and to less depression (R2adj =.184, ΔR2 =.095, p <.001), anxiety (R2adj =.140, ΔR2 =.024, p =.034), stress (R2adj =.046, ΔR2 =.047, p =.005), and perceived stress (R2adj =.024, ΔR2 =.032, p =.022) in Shekhan camp. Conclusions: Conflict and displacement contribute to high level of psychological distress. Resilience, however, seem to have a negative association with psychological distress. Additionally, living conditions and sex also played an important role in both psychological distress and resilience. Consequently, Yazidi community residing in camps are in need of further support to alleviate the consequences of displacement. We critically discuss the differences in the results among participants per camp and by sex, and its implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project generates huge amounts of data during its life cycle, and the multiplicity of construction teams leads to the occurrence of the so-called information island, which causes the loss of basic information in the operation and maintenance phases, and increases the time and cost to access the required data, as the teams responsible for maintaining and managing facilities face a major challenge. because these teams cannot find or use the information, they need to manage this building, after completing the implementation process, we get full of engineering plans and various types of documents related to the design and implementation phases, and these data and information in paper form are difficult to communicate to the teams responsible for maintenance and are exposed to loss, the study's purpose, develop a system the merge various severity factors in order identify prioritizing maintenance of elements the building by using Risk-Based Maintenance (RBM), develop a central warehouse include to data entry, format, editing, storing, and updating during life cycle of the project to help maintenance engineers for implementing correct management of this information and ensuring that all data are available to assist in the correct implementation of operational and maintenance work, integrate BIM with cloud storage application by user interface, and data access to provide a better system and environment for digital building maintenance systems. which prompted the development of a maintenance system which including create 3D model, the work flow of information, automated and digital the elements of the model, communication protocols and security and design cloud storage framework that allows data to be standardized into a single form. this model is used for visualization and collaboration during design, construction and operations and maintenance work that is used to produce living breathing of project, using school building as case study to cover two methodologies given as risks and assessment severity, it is based on the level of risk and equations an assessment severity and probability of elements if maintenance is not performed, and ranks them in order of priority. The study's findings may be utilized by government institutions and maintenance engineers to get a better knowledge of the application and execution of maintenance systems in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past decades, environmental noise and its negative effects on humans in its entire social, economic, and health aspects have been addressed. However, the study of the impact of noise in residential buildings on E-learning for university students during the lockdown period due to the Corona pandemic, specifically in Iraq, had not been sufficiently studied, which is the research problem. The research aims to explain the acoustic insulation and the negative impact of noise exposure in residential buildings on E-learning for university students during the quarantine period. A questionnaire was conducted for several Iraqi university students. The questionnaire has detected many indications (noise sources, use of headphones, duration of use, effects of noise exposure, and noise insulation control). The results showed the negative effects of noise that the students may feel, such as hearing difficulty, lack of concentration, raising the voice when speaking, discomfort, tinnitus, headache, and nausea; and determining the student’s knowledge of noise and their opinions. The research recommends the adoption of acoustic insulation in residential buildings to reduce the negative effects of noise exposure on E-learning education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisms produce a large variety of biologically active peptides and have high inhibitory activity against other organisms that cause spoilage and spoilage of many foods. Lactic acid bacteria are considered one of the most important single-celled organisms that are characterized by their ability to produce biologically active peptides. They are of great importance because they are useful and widespread. Most types of lactic acid bacteria can produce bioactive peptides that inhibit peptides bactericidal bioactive bacteria (bacteriocins), which can control the growth of pathogenic bacteria and the formation of (biofilm), this mechanism by these bacteria not only generates the free amino acids needed by bacteria but also It produces a variety of peptides, some of which have biological activities. These are called "bioactive peptides (BAPs) and are interesting from a nutrition and health care perspective, as they have many functions such as antimicrobial antioxidant, anticholesterol and anti-hypertension. Their activities vary according to the strain. Bacteria in terms of containing proteinase enzymes, which leads to a large variety of proteolytic activities. Through this study, Lactobacillus delbrueckii JKD5 bacteria were isolated from local yogurt in the city of Basrah in southern Iraq. It was isolated and purified under anaerobic conditions, its morphology was studied and biochemical tests were conducted for it. It was genetically diagnosed and registered in the NCBI Gene Bank with the number OM278543.1 or original Purely under the name Lactobacillus delbrueckii JKD5. Partial purification was carried out by precipitation with ammonium sulphate at 75% saturation, centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 10 minutes, then the bacterial filtrate was taken, then membrane osmosis was carried out using dialysis bags, and the peptides were extracted and purified by HPLC and ÄKTA pure devices to reach the total purification. A characterization study was conducted for the produced peptide and it showed that it has a molecular weight of 6.5 kDa and was stable at 60 and 80 °C for 60 minutes, which indicates that the peptides can withstand high temperatures in the sterilization process, which is one of the very important processes in food production. It retains its effectiveness at pH 3 and 5. The activity of the peptide produced from the antibacterial isolate JKD5 was characterized and examined against two types of bacterial strains, one positive and the other negative for Gram stain. They are Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical waste is infectious, contain toxic chemicals and pose contamination risks to both people and also the environment in primary health care centers. In the present study, we assessed the knowledge, attitude and practices of health care providers about biomedical waste management in primary health care centers PHCC in Erbil district center, Kurdistan Iraq. Using a self-administered questionnaire, we collected data on biomedical waste management from samples of health care providers (HCP) in 25 health centers in the Erbil district center. Based on results, total knowledge, and attitude and practice scores on a 34 questions was prepared related to Knowledge, attitude and practice. Total 687 HCP participated in study and largest proportion of the sample (40.9%) were aged 41-50 years, more than half (58.4%) were females, nurses constituted 41.5% of the sample, 39.9% were diploma certificate holders, The majority of the sample had more than 10 years of experience, but only 10.8% 74 of them had received training about biomedical waste management. Almost all the participants had no strong knowledge about biomedical waste (BMW) management, and very little (less than 10%) had moderate knowledge. More than 90% of the sample had no information about the weakest and strong microbes resistant to antiseptics, the majority 525 (76.4) have little knowledge about importance to taking the vaccination hepatitis B and C to prevent from BMW hazardous, the majority (93.3%) of the participants believe that safe disposal of BMW is extremely important to prevent infection transmission, more than two thirds (69.9%) of the participants always dispose sharps in puncture proof container. Conducting of appropriate training on how to dealing with biomedical waste is essential to develop safe practices among HCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halothamnus iraqensis Botsch. (Amaranthaceae) It is one of the endemic plant species in Iraq, which studied taxonomically from the morphological and anatomical aspect of the plant stem, as well as studying the shapes of stem cells, leaves and the stomata complex, also geographical with habitat and ecological study to give a clearer picture of this plant and to facilitate the diagnosis process for other researchers. The results that showed that this species is a small shrub to 50 cm tall, has stiff woody stem and succulen which branching very copiously from base. Contains Unicellular hairs and Multicellular hairs, The average length of the epidermal cells on surfaces of the leaf was about 55.55 m and 43.25 m on adaxial and abaxial surfaces, respectively. Adaxially, width of the epidermal cells was about 38.56 m while abaxially, it was about 31.22 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although parosmia is a common problem in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, few studies assessed the demographic and clinical aspects of this debilitating symptom. We aimed to evaluate the socio-clinical characteristics and outcome of various options of treatment of individuals with parosmia due to COVID-19 infection. The study was conducted at two main Hospitals in the Ramadi and Tikrit cities, Iraq, on patients with a chief complaint of parosmia due to COVID-19 disease. The study involved 7 months (August 2020–February 2021). Detailed demographic and clinical characteristics and treatment options with their outcome were recorded and analyzed. Out of 268 patients with parosmia, there were 197 (73.5%) females. The majority were from age group ≤ 30 years (n = 188, 70.1%), housewives (n = 150, 56%), non-smokers (n = 222, 82.8%), and associated with dysgeusia (n = 207, 77.2%) but not associated with nasal symptoms (n = 266, 99.3%). All patients have complained of anosmia (89.9%) or hyposmia (10.1%). Troposmia was reported in the majority of participants. The majority of the patients were suffering from severe parosmia (65.7%). Around 3 quarters of the cases were presented in ≤ 4 months. Altered quality of life (AQL) was presented in 91.8% of subjects, and there was a significant association with the presence of dysgeusia and type and severity of parosmia. The smoking habit didn't show a significant association with AQL, the severity of parosmia, and the recovery rate. Most of the odor group was the most triggering stimuli eliciting parosmia, while, the sewage was the response odor in above 50% of the cases. The recovery rate was poor with olfactory training plus either tonics or local and systemic steroids. Parosmia due to COVID-19 infection is a common problem with poor results in the short-term treatment and follow-up. The AQL was seen in a greater proportion of patients and strongly associated with the presence of dysgeusia, type, and severity of parosmia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) a chronic auto-immune condition. is characterized by inflammation that contributes to the deterioration of joints, bones, tendons and ligaments. Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI) is one of the autoantigens against, which RA patients develop autoantibodies that have been found to circulate in serum and in synovial fluid of these patients. To evaluate serum Glucose 6 phosphate isomerase (G6PI) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and its role in disease activity and if associated with Anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) assessment to improve early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was conducted in hospitals in Baghdad Medical city, Iraq, from December 2020 to March 2021. The study included 60 Iraqi patients (45 females, 15 males) with RA and 28 healthy subjects (18 females, 10 males) as the control group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] used for determination of G6PI, ACPA and Abbott Architect C4000. used for the determination of RF and CRP. This study found that the levels of G6PI, ACPA, RF, CRP and ESR in patients with RA were significantly higher than in healthy controls (P-value £ 0.05). The study was found a positive significant correlation between G6PI and disease activity in RA patients (p-value <0.005). The study also found a positive weak significant correlation between G6PI and ACPA in rheumatoid arthritis patients (p-value £ 0.008) and also a statistically positive correlation significant exists between G6PI and RF in rheumatoid arthritis patients (p-value £ 0.05) and also a statistically positive weak significant correlation exists between G6PI and age in rheumatoid arthritis patients (p-value £ 0.008) in this study. In conclusion, in this study, there was significant difference in serum G6PI concentration, between patient and control group, so it seems to be a reliable marker for diagnosis of RA. The increased expression of G6PI is highly correlated with the disease activity of RA. This study showed that a positive significant weak correlation between G6PI and ACPA. May be combined with it to improve the diagnosis of RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study tackled representations of conflict scenes in Assyrian art by analyzing the religious, political, environmental, ideological, and social dimensions from which the conflict scene emerged. That was represented in the aesthetic structure of cylinder seals, obelisks, stone panels, and statues during the Assyrian era. The methodology of the research is devoted to presenting the research community, the research tool that includes collecting data, and samples of (3) sculptural works that covered the limits of the present study. The two researchers intentionally adopted the descriptive analytical approach for the purpose of analyzing the samples. The results of the present study show that the intellectual reflections of the Assyrian sculptor have contributed to the diversity of conflict scenes at the level of stereoscopic or prominent sculpture. There were various technical and directorial treatments in an attempt to portray and represent these intellectual reflections and referred them to a symbolic sign that has a tangible physical presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this paper was to investigate the impact of different variables on the production of antibodies in patients who were infected with Covid-19. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The study was conducted between January 2021 and March 2022. Demographic data were collected via face-to-face interview. Antibody levels were determined using Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Results: The levels of antibody were studied in 138 patients. A significant association was found between antibody levels and the age of the participants (r = 0.175; P = 0.04). Besides, a significant correlation was found between antibody levels and the duration of symptoms (r = 0.206; P = 0.015). The antibody levels were not associated with gender; history of chronic diseases; marital status or time interval before testing. Conclusion: Different variables that may impact the levels of antibody were studied. Significant associations were found between antibody levels and both age and duration of symptoms. Our results can be used by healthcare providers to focus on patients who are at risk of low antibody production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite vaccine and antiviral treatment availability, hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to circulate among pregnant women in Iraq. HBV spread is due to many factors. This study evaluated HBV prevalence among pregnant women and Syrian refugees residing in Zakho city, Iraq, and identified risk factors associated with infection. Materials and methods: Demographic data were collected from 2,054 pregnant women via a questionnaire assessing risk factors associated with HBV infection. Blood samples were collected for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and were screened using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Tests revealed that 1.1% of pregnant women in Zakho and 11.3% of Syrian refugees (p = 0.001) were positive for HBsAg. The average age of HBsAg-positive patients was 31.4286 ± 6.6746 years (p = 0.002). Average rates of parity and abortion in HBV-infected subjects were 3.5 ± 2.6874 and 0.1785 ± 0.5479, respectively (p = 0.044 and 0.012, respectively). The following were identified as associated risk factors for HBV infection: nationality, (Zakho versus the city centre), tattoos, and polygamy (p = 0.001, 0.03, 0.007, and 0.001, respectively). No significant associations between HBV prevalence and blood transfusion, prior injection history, dental procedures, or surgical procedures were found. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV infection among Syrian refugees was higher than that of indigenous participants. Several risk factors were significantly associated with HBV positivity, which may facilitate effective preventive program implementation and decrease mother-to-child transmission risk. This will likely reduce infant and childhood HBV chronicity, and mortality rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a circulating lipoprotein which governs lipid metabolism in the body. It is considered a serious genetic determinant of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: The main goal of this study was to study any association between ApoE polymorphism with cholesterol and other lipids in Alzheimer patients in Bagdad, Iraq. Methods: In this casecontrol study, 75 male patients with average age of 65 years from Baghdad medical city in Iraq and 50 healthy males as controls were recruited. Serum lipid level was tested enzymatically and DNA from all study participants was extracted to detect ApoE polymorphism using PCR. Results: The cholesterol level was found significantly increased. Similar results were observed with the levels of triglycerides in patients i.e. 418.43±11.95mg/dl. Furthermore, data revealed non-significant difference in the genotypic and allelic frequencies of the ApoE gene/ rs13333144 SNP in patients and controls. Also, both patients and controls showed a strong correlation between ApoE genotype and cholesterol levels. In addition, there was a lower level of apolipoprotein in the patient group as compared to the control group. Thus, the ApoE gene might play an important role in the development of AD in Iraqi patients, hence, studies investigating lipid levels and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease should take ApoE status into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of heavy metals in the human diet is important due to their dual effects as either essential or toxic to the human body. In this study, we determined the concentration of selected heavy metals in common potato and corn chips brands in Iraq markets. Ten common brands were selected and analyzed for their concentrations of the studied heavy metals by ICP-MS. The results shown that the average heavy metals level in potato and corn chips in (mg kg-1±SD) were 2.68±0.67 and 2.96±3.00 for Mn, 4.64±1.99 and 5.82±5.45 for Fe, 0.29±0.33 and 1.36±0.95 for Cu and 2.84±1.26 and 6.26±1.67 for Zn respectively. Corn chips were found to contain higher heavy metals than potato chips. The daily consumption of heavy metals from potato and corn chips (20 g daily intake) is lower than the recommended level set by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization. Also, Daily intake of these metals is lower than the oral suggested amount and the upper tolerable daily intake set by the US. The contamination risk for the Iraqi population especially children from heavy metals exposure by this study performs to be non-significant, emphasizing the need to conduct more studies and confirm examining of heavy metals in foodstuffs especially chips brands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is a disease caused by fowl adenovirus (FAdV), categorized under the Adenoviridae family. FAdVs are distributed globally but have not been documented in Iraq since 1979. This study reports the disease occurrence in 89 broiler farms in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, North Iraq, from April 2013 to April 2021. Infected birds' ages ranged between two days and four weeks. Clinically, birds were lethargic, huddling with ruffled feathers, lacked appetite, and showed yellowish mucoid droppings. The gross lesions included enlarged mottled liver, pale to icteric skin, swollen and pale kidneys, and hemorrhage on the skeletal muscle. Also, histopathological examinations revealed large intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes, degeneration and congestion of liver sinusoids, degeneration of renal tubules, interstitial tissue infiltrated with inflammatory cells, and necrotizing pancreatitis. PCR was used to detect the virus by amplification of partial 1300 bp hexon gene. The amplified fragments were confirmed by sequencing. The study results indicate that avian adenovirus is enzootic in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Two different subgroups circulate in Kurdistan. The FAdV/Kurdistan/2013, FAdV/Kurdistan/2020, and FAdV/Kurdistan/2021 belong to the FAdV-E subgroup. On the other hand, the FAdV/Kurdistan/2015 belongs to the FAdV-D subgroup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corona virus is a widespread family known to cause diseases ranging from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as Middle East Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). This virus was emerging for the first time on December 31/12/2019 in the Chinese city of Wuhan, after a group of viral pneumonia cases were reported. The risks of this disease increased with severe complications among people aged 60 years and over and people, who suffer from medical problems such as high blood pressure or heart problems. lungs, diabetes, obesity, cancer etc. However, any person may come in contact with this disease and suffer from serious complications or may die at any age. The time required for illness until symptoms appear is from five to six days, but it ranges from one to fourteen days, so the infected are advised to stay at home during this period to prevent the spread of the virus, the most common symptoms of this disease are (fever, dry cough, stress), in addition to other less common symptoms (loss of taste and smell, nasal congestion, headache etc). Almost all people (80%), who do not show symptoms recover from the disease without taking treatment from the hospital. About 15% of them are in critical condition and need oxygen and 5% of them become critical and need intensive care. The seriousness of this disease and the speed of its spread in most countries in the world in general and in Iraq in particular, an applied study was conducted on a sample of 220 patients, who were exposed to infection during a certain period of time (1/6-31/8/2020) in a hospital (Ibn Al-Balady), Epidemiology Department, to find out the factors affecting the disease (age, gender, diabetes, blood pressure, smoking etc.), based on some appropriate health models to study the pandemic (Covid-19) and the bootstrap method was used to find the best estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present paper is to study the effect of adding nano-fertilizers on the genetic behavior for the growth and yield of three varieties of sorghum, 1-Local, 2- Egyptian and 3- Syrian. This study was conducted in one of the farms of Nineveh Governorate, Iraq during the spring growing season of 2020. The results of the research indicated that there were significant differences between the varieties and the nano-fertilization treatments for all the studied traits. The Egyptian variety and the nano-fertilization treatment 6 g/l, as well as the interaction between them, showed a significant superiority in the grain yield/ear compared to the rest of the other treatments. The genetic advance was higher for the number of branches/plants, ear weigh, 1000-grains weight and grain yield/ear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Iraq, during the growing season of 2018-19, to investigate the growth and yield responses of three Faba beans varieties viz., Local variety, Julienne and Tanyeri to varying intra plant spaces namely 25 and 35 cm., also in order to study genetic behavior and appreciation genetic parameters. Results showed that highest green pod yield (GPYP) obtained from Tanyeri variety and Faba beans grown at 35 cm intra plant space with an average of 783.665, 655.380 g/plant, respectively. Genetic parameters were higher for the most studied traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endocrine system of the body includes the thyroid gland. It is the largest organ in the human body that performs endocrine functions. The thyroid gland is crucial for healthy body development during childhood and adolescence. It takes in iodine from the diet and releases iodinecontaining thyroid hormones. Methods: Between October 2021 and February 2022, 25 females with hyperthyroidism and 25 females with hypothyroidism of similar age underwent standard medical examinations at the Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic of AL-Sadder Medical City in the Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf governorate of Iraq. Results: When compare to patients with hypothyroidism, the findings showed a considerable rise in T3 and T4 levels in the sera of patients with hyperthyroidism. As opposed to patients with hypothyroidism, patients with hyperthyroidism had a highly significant drop in TSH in their sera, according to the TSH data (P< 0.001). Conclusion: When compare to patients with hypothyroidism, the level of T3 and T4 in the sera of patients with hyperthyroidism significantly increased, according to the measurements of T3, T4, and TSH for the two study groups. When compare to patients with hypothyroidism, the TSH readings for patients with hyperthyroidism showed a highly significant drop in TSH in their sera (P< 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]