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Background: Computer vision has promise in image-based cutaneous melanoma diagnosis but clinical utility is uncertain., Objective: To determine if computer algorithms from an international melanoma detection challenge can improve dermatologists' accuracy in diagnosing melanoma., Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used 150 dermoscopy images (50 melanomas, 50 nevi, 50 seborrheic keratoses) from the test dataset of a melanoma detection challenge, along with algorithm results from 23 teams. Eight dermatologists and 9 dermatology residents classified dermoscopic lesion images in an online reader study and provided their confidence level., Results: The top-ranked computer algorithm had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87, which was higher than that of the dermatologists (0.74) and residents (0.66) (P < .001 for all comparisons). At the dermatologists' overall sensitivity in classification of 76.0%, the algorithm had a superior specificity (85.0% vs. 72.6%, P = .001). Imputation of computer algorithm classifications into dermatologist evaluations with low confidence ratings (26.6% of evaluations) increased dermatologist sensitivity from 76.0% to 80.8% and specificity from 72.6% to 72.8%., Limitations: Artificial study setting lacking the full spectrum of skin lesions as well as clinical metadata., Conclusion: Accumulating evidence suggests that deep neural networks can classify skin images of melanoma and its benign mimickers with high accuracy and potentially improve human performance., (Copyright © 2019 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)