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Investigated how men and women with high and low levels of education perceive male and female targets who participate or do not participate in household chores. It was found that both highly and less educated individuals perceive a male target who participates in household chores more favorably, this preference is more pronounced among more educated individuals. (BF)

Compared gender-related inferences and judgments of third and fifth graders from Taiwan (a traditional collectivistic culture), and Israel (a less traditional modern culture). Found that Taiwanese children distinguished more than did Israeli children between male targets in stories behaving stereotypically and counterstereotypically. Interpreted findings within framework of differences between the two cultures. (Author/KB)

Investigated seventh graders' gender discrimination from a cross-cultural perspective. Israeli Arabs and Jews rated two hypothetical male candidates for class representative (who were generally masculine or outstandingly feminine) on their beliefs about their ability to be elected and their willingness to interact with them. Both groups discriminated against the feminine candidate, though Arabs discriminated to a much greater degree. (SM)

Investigated relationships between deception and self-perception of traditionally masculine and feminine characteristics. Elementary students completed sex role inventories, then boys completed questionnaires on masculine, feminine, and neutral topics. Questionnaires allowed opportunity for deception regarding knowledge level. Feminine boys pretended they knew more about traditionally feminine topics. All others pretended to know more about gender consistent topics or evidenced similar deceptions. (SM)

Investigated the relationships between inferences and judgments of a target girl by preadolescents and early adolescents, their self-endorsement of female traits and gender of playmates, and gender-typedness of the game. Results with 251 Israeli students show gender differences, which are discussed within the framework of gender-schema theories. (SLD)

Studied popularity and aspects of self-esteem between girls evidencing more traditional masculine characteristics and girls with more feminine characteristics. Findings from 166 girls aged 9 to 10 years old reveal girls reporting both traits and behaviors considered traditionally masculine were less popular, had lower self-esteem, and were less satisfied with their gender. (GR)

Studied perceptions about the perceived masculinity and femininity of kibbutz male adolescents of 79 Israeli adolescents, half of whom were urban and half of whom were raised on a kibbutz. Kibbutz targets were generally seen as more masculine. Exceptions and differences among urban and rural adolescents are discussed. (SLD)

Effects of mothers' need for approval on children's expectancies for success and persistence during failure were studied for 90 fifth graders attempting to solve 4 puzzles, 3 of which were unsolvable. Parental and situational variables affect children's achievement cognitions and behavior. Implications for parental socialization of achievement are discussed. (SLD)

Examined antecedents of two components of need for approval (the approach component and the avoidance component) on a longitudinal basis. For females, need for approval was positively related to mothers' withdrawal of love and the avoidance component was negatively related to mothers' encouragement of their daughters to fight back. (Author)

In two studies we investigated the association between physical cleansing and moral and immoral behavior in real-life situations. In Study 1, after a workout at the gym, participants cheated more after taking a shower than before taking one. In the second study, participants donated more money to charity before rather than after they bathed for religious purification. The results extend previous findings about moral cleansing and moral licensing and are discussed within the framework of conceptual metaphor theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study examined differences in children's psychological and social indicators in non-traditional families in Israel, focusing on fatherless families headed by lesbian mothers and single mothers by choice. Although Israel is considered an industrialized westernized country, centrality of the traditional nuclear family predominates this country. Methods This factorial design study included four family types: lesbian and heterosexual mothers, each in both single and coupled parenthood. Children's measures included the Child Behavior Checklist, perception of peer relations and perceived self-competence. Results Children from single parent as opposed to two-parent families exhibited more externalizing behaviour problems and aggressiveness. Children of lesbian mothers reported more prosocial behaviours and less loneliness than children from heterosexual families. No differences emerged for perceived self-competence across family types. Conclusion Mother's sexual orientation did not affect children's adjustment negatively, whereas single parenthood placed children at greater risk for some difficulties. Implications include the need for apprising health professionals of effects of family types on children's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The natural experiments created by the Israeli Kibbutzim and Taiwanese minor marriages provide unique testing grounds for investigating the mechanisms governing sibling detection, inbreeding avoidance and kin-selected altruism. Here we present two studies conducted on the coreared peers of Israeli Kibbutzim. We examined how coresidence duration — a cue that would have indicated genetic relatedness in ancestral environments — impacts the development of kin-directed behaviors. In both studies, we found that coresidence duration predicts levels of altruism and sexual aversions directed toward peers. We also investigated the relationship between personal sexual aversions and moral attitudes relating to peer sexual behavior. The absence of norms proscribing sex between peers on the Kibbutz allows for a more tightly controlled investigation of this relationship. We found that total coresidence duration with opposite-sex peers predicts the intensity of moral wrongness associated with third-party peer sexual behavior, but not other behaviors, including sibling incest. More directly, we found that the summed sexual aversion felt toward all opposite-sex peers predicts levels of moral wrongness associated with third-party peer sex. Mediation analyses confirmed that personal sexual aversions mediate the relationship between coresidence duration and moral attitudes regarding peer sex. These results bolster Westermarck''s original claims that childhood coresidence serves as a kinship cue, leading to greater sexual aversions and altruistic motivations, and that personal sexual aversions shape attitudes relating to third-party sexual behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Social enforcement, the decentralized action by organizational actors of monitoring, identifying, and reporting legal violations, is widely recognized as a key factor in ensuring good governance. This article reports on an experimental survey conducted in the US and Israel examining the behavior of individuals when confronting workplace unlawful conduct. The study provides novel insights into the relationships between state based, organization based, and employee based enforcement. It finds that the likelihood and the manner of reporting will vary depending on the type of illegality and are strongly correlated to perceptions of legitimacy, job security, and voice within the workplace. Comparing illegalities, employees prefer to report clear violations by rank and file employees rather than violations by managers. At the same time, external reporting to government or media entities is most likely when violations involve the organization as a whole or implicate top management. The study also finds cultural and gender differences in reporting patterns. Finally, the study provides support for the understanding that social norms are more predictive of social enforcement than expected organizational costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]