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Aims: Due to the lack of tools evaluating participation of children with ASD in the educational setting, this study aimed to adapt the Structured Preschool Participation Observation (SPO), which assess the participation of preschool children attending mainstream-educational settings to children with ASD attending non-inclusive special education (content validity), to measure its initial psychometric properties (internal reliability, inter-rater reliability), and to describe children's participation characteristics, creating an effective tool to fill this gap. Methods: Content validity was evaluated by 21 experts using questionnaires. Thirty-five children with ASD were observed in their educational setting using the adapted tool (SPO-ASD). Results: Content validity was satisfactory regarding the items and their classification into occupational areas. Moderate to excellent internal consistency (α =.73–.92) and inter-rater reliability (ICC =.61–.95, p<.05) were found for all scales and most areas. Children's participation frequency was high in learning and activities of daily living (ADL), low in play and social participation. Performance level was low in social participation. Enjoyment level was low, and needed assistance in ADL was high. Conclusions: Based on our initial evaluation, the SPO-ASD may be suitable for assessing participation of children with ASD attending special education preschools. Additional studies are needed to more securely establish its psychometric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Digitization processes generate new power relations between municipalities and industry. • In this process the roles of public and private actors are blurred. • This dynamic had come to influencing the process of decision making. • Despite contextual differences, cities adopt similar digital initiatives. • Technological initiatives that focus on social needs and address inequality in the digital age are still at the margins of technological initiatives. • The concept of smart social urbanism offers guidelines for developing digital vision for cities. • Framework is based on a transparent decision-making, sensitivity to context and social needs. Advocated mostly by technology companies, the smart city concept promises participation, democratization and innovative urbanism. Tracking these promises and ideas, this paper explores "smart urbanism" in ten cities from all over Israel. Based on interviews with leading figures in municipalities, smart city consultants and key figures in technological companies (n = 40), the aims of this paper are to assess the efforts of cities to become smart by responding to the following questions: 1. What is guiding the decision-making process in developing technological initiatives? 2. Does context play a role in implementing technological initiatives? 3. How are the residents perceived, and what tools are being used to address residents' digital differences? The key argument of this paper is threefold: first, in the process of becoming a smart city, the roles of public and private actors are blurred, influencing the process of decision making. Second, despite contextual differences, cities adopt similar digital initiatives. Third, technological initiatives that focus on social needs and address inequality in the digital age are still at the margins. The final discussion suggests that most municipalities are still at an early stage of digitization implementation and have the ability to shape and form a vision for the cities as socio-technological ecosystems in a way that will serve their publics as a whole. The paper ends with a call for shifting the focus from the city to society in developing digital initiatives and cultivating smart social urbanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]