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For many years the term nephritis was used to indicate renal diseases (in the sense of Bright s disease) in a larger sense. This review summarizes the history of the concept of glolomerulonephritis from Egyptian Medicine up to the Post-Biopsy Era, in particularly in Turin and in Italy. This study reports an epidemiology survey of Bright s disease in Italy from 1880 up to 1960. Towards the end of the 19th century Bright s disease accounted for 26 deaths/year/105 population (in comparison with more than 200 from tubercolosis) in Italy. At the beginning of the 20th century, Bright s disease was the seventh cause of death in Italy. Moreover, in Italy autopsy studies showed a higher percentage of deaths attributed to Bright s disease (5-7%) in comparison with those obtained from vital studies. In 1960, just before the beginning of renal replacement therapy, Bright s disease accounted for 15.7 deaths/year/105 population. Probably it was difficult to recognize in the real incidence of chronic renal diseases leading to death in the 1960s, and vital studies were able to furnish only approximate estimates. However, noteworthy is the fact that these values were very close to those estimated as being the annual need for renal replacement therapy (10-20/year/105 population).

Though the term 'nephritis' first appeared in the 19th century, this word did not bear the same meaning as it does today; indeed, for many years it was used to indicate 'renal diseases' (in the sense of Bright's disease) in a larger sense. This review summarizes the long gestation of the concept of 'glomerulonephritis' from the prehistory of medicine up to the beginning of the second half of the 20th century with emphasis on Italy and, in particular, on Torino, which was the capital of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1865. To the best of our kowledge, this is the first study reporting an epidemiology survey of Bright's disease in Italy from 1880 up to 1960. Towards the end of the 19th century, Bright's disease accounted for 26 deaths/year/10(5) population (in comparison with more than 200 from tuberculosis) in Italy, roughly paralleling that reported in the USA. At the beginning of the 20th century, Bright's disease was the seventh cause of death (almost 1% of total deaths) in Italy. Furthermore, in Italy, as elsewhere, autopsy studies showed a higher percentage of deaths attributed to Bright's disease (5-7%) in comparison with those obtained from vital statistics. In 1960, just before the beginning of renal replacement therapy, Bright's disease accounted for 15.7 deaths/year/10(5) population (= 1.46% of all deaths), roughly paralleling that reported in the United Kingdom (13.8/10(5) population = 1.25% of deaths). Probably, it was difficult to recognize the real incidence of chronic renal diseases leading to death in the 1960s, and vital statistics were able to furnish only approximate estimates. However, noteworthy is the fact that these values were very close to those estimated as being the annual need for renal replacement therapy (10-20 cases/year/10(5) population).