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The article discusses the adjudication of collective labor disputes in Italy. The article analyzes labor disputes in the Italian system and the earlier arbitration schemes. Previous systems had operated only with respect to specific industries, or to specific trade unions, while the Italian system was totalitarian in its scope. Moreover, the Italian system was not based on the action of independent unions; the unions became organs of the state, called professional associations, and were considered analogous to territorial units of representation, except that they represented professional rather than territorial interests. At the apex of the corporate system are the labor courts, which, unlike labor courts in many other countries, are part of the regular judiciary, being specially constituted sections of the appellate courts, in which two of the judges are replaced by experts in the economic field where the dispute arises. Thus there are three regular judges on the bench of the labor court, and two experts chosen separately for each case which is heard by the court. Normally the parties to a collective dispute are the professional associations.