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Exploration of the structure formation and dynamics of animate and inanimate matter on the nanometer scale is a highly interdisciplinary field of rapidly emerging research. It is relevant for various molecular and nanoscale systems of different origins and compositions and concerns numerous phenomena originating from physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science. This topical issue presents a collection of research papers devoted to different aspects of the Dynamics of Systems on the Nanoscale. Some of the contributions discuss specific applications of the research results in several modern and emerging technologies, such as controlled nanofabrication with charged particle beams or the design and practical realization of novel gamma-ray crystal-based light sources. Most works presented in this Topical Issue were reported at the joint Sixth International Conference "Dynamics of Systems on the Nanoscale" and the tenth International Symposium "Atomic Cluster Collisions" (DySoN–ISACC 2021), which were held in Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy, in October 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Megavolt ITER Injector and Concept Advancement (MITICA) is the full-size prototype of the neutral beam injector (NBI) for the ITER currently under construction at the neutral beam test facility (NBTF) (Consorzio RFX, Padova, Italy). One of the main issues of such a complex machine is to secure a stable voltage holding of the ion source—accelerator complex—which is biased at −1 MV and constitutes a very large (cathodic) area, with respect to the ground (the vessel). Coordinated with the experimental program of the HV test facilities in Japan (QST, Naka) and in Italy (high voltage Padova test facility, Consorzio RFX), a test campaign is foreseen for 2020–2021, using the real MITICA vacuum vessel and a mockup of the ion source. This mockup can constitute a simple geometry, where the MITICA ion source is represented by a sphere (cathode), connected to the high-voltage bushing. A planar electrode (anode) will cover the lower part of the beam source vessel (BSV) and will be positioned at an adjustable distance from the sphere, to assure fine control of the electrostatic configuration. The experiments will be devoted to characterize the breakdown voltage as a function of the gap length and vacuum pressure. In this article, the design activity of the electrodes to be used during the campaign is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) is a new, super-conducting device, being constructed in Frascati, Italy. DTT will be capable of plasma operations at high density and high heating power, in conditions relevant to address the power exhaust issue in support of ITER operation and DEMO design. DTT foresees the installation of a mix of auxiliary heating systems to couple up to 45 MW to the plasma, including Neutral Beam Injection (NBI). The neutral beam injector is currently being designed, aiming at delivering tangentially to the plasma neutral particles at energy of 510 keV, with a total power of ∼10 MW. In the present work, we apply for the first time the orbit-following Monte Carlo code ASCOT to DTT, in order to analyse with more details the interaction of the high-energy beam, described in real geometry beamlet by beamlet, and the plasma. The results of the simulation give an insight of the behaviour of beam energetic particles in DTT. Thanks to the flexibility of DTT, different plasmas can be generated, e.g. in terms of plasma shape due to different divertor concepts. We present the comparison of two cases with different plasma vertical positions and we analyse the effect on beam absorption in the plasma. We then present a sensitivity scan on plasma density, to verify the coupling of beam power at densities lower than the reference target scenario. These investigations are crucial to provide feedback and suggestions to DTT design and to assess the beam fast ion physics for plasma scenario developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: SuperB is a super-flavor factory that will be built in Tor Vergata (Italy). The project, recently approved by the Italian Government, and classified as the flagship project of the Italian INFN, foresees the construction of a high intensity asymmetric electron-positron collider and of the related detector. The expected luminosity of 2x1036cm−2 s−1, a factor 100 higher than the last generation of B-factories, will allow the high statistic study of rare decays and, possibly, will allow a deeper insight in the field of new physics. Part of the SuperB apparatus is the Instrumented Flux Return (IFR). This detector exploits the flux return iron structure of the superconducting solenoid as absorber for the identification of muons and neutral hadrons. In more details, It consists of ≃ 92 cm of iron interleaved by 9 layers of highly segmented scintillators. The detection technique is based on relatively inexpensive extruded plastic scintillator bars produced at the FNAL-NICADD facility. The scintillation light is collected through Wave Length Shifting fibers and guided to recently developed devices called Silicon Photon Multipliers used as photodetectors. The use of plastic scintillator as active material ensures reliability, robustness and long term stability while the high granularity and the fast response guarantee a good space-time resolution, extremely important to cope with the expected high particles flux. The readout scheme under evaluation is this manuscript is the double coordinate readout (“BIRO readout”) where two layers of orthogonal scintillator bars provide both, the polar and azimuthal coordinate. In order to deeply understand the performances and possible drawbacks of the above technique, a full depth prototype has been designed and built in Ferrara and Padova, and tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility (FBTF) in December 2010. In this paper a comprehensive description of the IFR related R&D studies will be presented. In particular, we will focus on the results of the Fermilab beam test, issues and future activities will also be outlined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The development of different detectors based on GEM technology, mainly to be used for beam diagnostic, is described. The use of GEM foils for detector construction started in Frascati on 2002 with the R&D for LHCb Muon Chambers placed at small angle. Ever since several triple GEM chambers have been built for different applications. The results obtained in several beam tests have shown high performances: high rate capability (), good time resolution (), good space resolution , and good aging resistance after of integrated charge. Recent developments on readout electronics and power supply for portable detectors are presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

At the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (INFN-LNS) in Catania, Italy, the first Italian protontherapy facility, named Centro di AdroTerapia e Applicazioni Nucleari Avanzate (CATANA) has been built in collaboration with the University of Catania. It is based on the use of the 62-MeV proton beam delivered by the K = 800 Superconducting Cyclotron installed and working at INFN-LNS since 1995. The facility is mainly devoted to the treatment of ocular diseases like uveal melanoma. A beam treatment line in air has been assembled together with a dedicated positioning patient system. The facility has been in operation since the beginning of 2002 and 66 patients have been successfully treated up to now. The main features of CATANA together with the clinical and dosimetric features will be extensively described; particularly, the proton beam line, that has been entirely built at LNS, with all its elements, the experimental transversal and depth dose distributions of the 62-MeV proton beam obtained for a final collimator of 25-mm diameter and the experimental depth dose distributions of a modulated proton beam obtained for the same final collimator. Finally, the clinical results over 1 yr of treatments, describing the features of the treated diseases will be reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]