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Objectives: It has been suggested that bacterial biofilms are involved in chronic tonsillar disease, but there is a lack of strong evidence concerning their etiopathogenic role in childhood chronic tonsillar infections. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of biofilm-producing bacteria (BPB) in tonsillar bioptic specimens taken from children with recurrent exacerbations of chronic hyperplastic tonsillitis, and to evaluate the possible relationship between them and the patients' demographic and clinical characteristics., Methods: 22 children (68.2% males; median age 6.5 years, range 3-13) with recurrent exacerbations of chronic hyperplastic tonsillitis were included. The presence of tonsillar BPB was assessed by means of the spectrophotometric analysis of tonsillar bioptic specimens taken during tonsillectomy between episodes of tonsillar infection., Results: BPB were found in 50.0% of the 44 tonsillar specimens, and Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent pathogen (81.8%). There was a significant relationship (p=0.02) between the grade of tonsillar hyperplasy (GTH) and the presence of tonsillar BPB, with an increased relative risk (RR=4.27, standard error=2.57, p<0.01) of tonsillar BPB development in children with GTH scores of >2., Conclusions: The findings of this study: (1) confirm the presence of tonsillar BPB in children with recurrent exacerbations of chronic tonsillar infections; (2) suggest that GTH is an important indicator of the presence of tonsillar BPB; and (3) raise the question as to whether tonsillar biofilm is a causative factor or just a consequence of recurrent exacerbations of chronic hyperplastic tonsillitis., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Some recent findings report that the area 5q11.2-13.3 of chromosome 5 segregates with schizophrenia in an uncle-nephew pair (Bassett et al 1988). However, linkage studies between chromosome 5 markers loci and schizophrenia lead to different results: Sherrington et al (1988) found a positive linkage, whereas other groups of researchers found evidence against linkage (Kennedy et al 1988; St. Clair et al 1989; Detera-Wadleigh et al 1989; McGuffin et al 1990; Aschauer et al 1990; Crowe et al 1991). We have studied five Italian pedigrees segregating schizophrenia using a map of four markers for the chromosomal region 5q11.2-13.3. Linkage analyses revealed negative lod scores, and thus no evidence for linkage was obtained in our Italian families.