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A qualified teaching method is hard to achieve without traditional classroom lessons. For learning purposes, students need to interact and influence each other, like being part of an osmotic process. They need to learn in a stimulating environment, developing the ability to manage conflicts and to compare opinions. How can this be possible during a pandemic? In an innovative distance learning experiment, students have been involved in significant changes to traditional teaching methods, forced to reinvent themselves and give up face-to-face interactions. General Medicinal Chemistry and Medicinal and Toxicological Chemistry I courses at Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro (UMG) accepted the pandemic call for challenge by renewing their teaching approach, trying to re-establish the sense of community jeopardized by distance learning. Students have been involved in the creation of a multimedia tool, called "MedChemBlog", an innovative distance learning experiment. The aim was to improve the understanding of the chemical structures and drug molecular mechanisms of action, in a unique constructive fashion provided by scientific websites and databases, e.g., Protein Data Bank, DrugBank, and PubChem. In this way, students have been involved in the creation of the course's blog, their "MedChemBlog", revealed as a collector of "food for thought" for present and future students.

Simple Summary: In recent years, liquid biopsy has been introduced as a new method for the detection and management of cancer, but the studies on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are lacking conclusive evidence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of six circulating salivary and plasmatic miRNAs (-21, -31, -138, -145, -184, and -424) as diagnostic biomarkers in patients affected by OSCC and by oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Our results showed that liquid biopsy from saliva may be a useful tool for the identification of these biomarkers; in particular, miR-138 and miR-424 showed decreased expression levels in saliva samples in OSCC and OPMD patients compared to healthy controls. The introduction of liquid biopsy in daily clinical practice could revolutionize the approach to oral lesions by allowing the mass screening, stratification and monitoring of patients at risk, the monitoring of the response to treatment and the early identification of any recurrences. This study aims to evaluate the expression of salivary and plasmatic miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). A total of 25 patients were divided into three groups, according to their diagnosis: OSCC patients (n = 14); OPMDs patients (n = 6); and healthy controls (n = 5). At the time at diagnosis/enrolment, patients underwent salivary and plasmatic collection. The expression of miRNA -21, -31, -138, -145, -184, and -424 were evaluated by real-time PCR. An F-test and ANOVA test were performed to evaluate the miRNA levels (significance at p < 0.05). By comparing miRNA expression levels from saliva, a statistically significant difference emerged in the expression of miR-138 and miR-424 between the three groups (p < 0.05). In particular, these two miRNAs showed decreased expression levels in saliva samples from OSCC and OPMD patients compared to those from healthy controls. On the other hand, miRNA expression levels in plasma were low in all the groups, and no statistically significant differences were found. Overall, our results showed that liquid biopsy from saliva may be a useful tool for the identification of diagnostic molecular biomarkers in OSCC and OPMDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italy addressed the issue of air pollution comprehensively only in the post-World War II period, lagging behind the major industrialized countries. The impetus to investigate this phenomenon and take measures to counter it came particularly from some groups of scientists and technicians active in the city of Milan, then one of the country's most important industrial centers. This article will focus primarily on the learning process that, through constant engagement with the international debate, allowed these individuals to acquire categories and investigative tools that were previously almost entirely unknown. Additionally, it will attempt to reconstruct the interaction between scientists and technicians concerned with pollution issues on one side, and local and national political institutions on the other. Finally, the main outcome of this dynamic will be highlighted: the approval of the first environmental policy measure in Italy's history, the «anti-smog law» of 1966. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the complication and disease recurrence rates for ileocecal resection for pediatric and adult Crohn's disease (CD) and identifies perioperative risk factors for these adverse outcomes in the two groups. Patients who underwent ileocecal resection for CD in a tertiary hospital in Italy (2010–2021) were included. Risk factors for postoperative complications and clinical and surgical disease recurrences were investigated with multivariate models. A total of 96 patients were included (children, 25%). There were no intraoperative complications. Thirty-one (32.3%) patients experienced 35 (36.5%) postoperative complications, and five (5.2%) were severe (Clavien–Dindo III–IV–V), with no intergroup difference for either overall postoperative complication rate (p = 0.257) or severe postoperative complication rate (p = 0.097). Most of these (77.1%) occurred within 30 days after surgery, especially in adults (p = 0.013). The multivariate analysis did not show risk factors for postoperative complications. Clinical and surgical recurrence rates after 5 years were 46.8% and 14.6%, respectively, with no intergroup rate differences. Clinical disease recurrence was positively correlated with previous abdominal surgery (p = 0.047) and negatively correlated with preoperative Hb levels (p = 0.046). A positive correlation was found between perianal disease and both clinical (p = 0.045) and surgical disease recurrences (p = 0.045). Urgent surgery was positively associated with surgical disease recurrence (p = 0.045). Notably, no children underwent urgent surgery in this study. In conclusion, the risk of postoperative complications among CD patients receiving ileocecal resection remains high, but most of them are nonserious. Some factors, such as urgent surgery, may increase the risk of disease recurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimising antimicrobial usage (AMU) in livestock is pivotal to counteract the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. We analysed AMU in more than 1000 cattle herds over 11 years (2008–2018) in the Aosta Valley (Italy), a region where 80% of farms house less than 50 cattle. Dairy cows accounted for over 95% of AMU. AMU was estimated using the defined daily dose animal for Italy (DDDAit) per biomass for the whole herd and a treatment incidence 100 (TI100) for cows. Average annual herd-level AMU was low, with 3.6 DDDAit/biomass (range: 3.2–4.0) and 1.2 TI100 in cows (range: 1.1–1.3). Third and fourth generation cephalosporins, which are critical for human medicine, represented almost 10% of usage, and intramammary antimicrobials accounted for over 60%. We detected significant downward temporal trends in total AMU, as well as a positive relationship with herd size. The magnitude of such effects was small, leaving scant room for further reduction. However, the frequent use of critical antimicrobials and intramammary products should be addressed, following the principles of prudent AMU. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring AMU even in low-production, smallholding contexts where a low usage is expected, to identify any deficiencies and implement interventions for further AMU optimisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic reactions to components of cardiac implantable electronic devices are rare and often go undiagnosed, which can lead to a misdiagnosis of device infection. Contact allergy to subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S‐ICD) is extremely rare. In this report, we present a case of cobalt‐related contact allergy in a pediatric patient with Brugada syndrome who underwent S‐ICD implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recurrent Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (R-URTIs) pose a significant challenge in pediatric healthcare, affecting both children and their families. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications of R-URTI in children aged 0–5 years. Methods: This observational study involved a sample of 483 children aged 0–5 years, focusing on establishing a practical and dynamic definition of R-URTI. Family pediatricians prospectively collected socio-demographic information, medical history, and recorded the occurrence of URTI episodes. Children were followed from recruitment until March 2021, predating the COVID-19 outbreak. Results: A substantial prevalence of R-URTIs was found, estimating it at 5–10% among this age group. To define R-URTI, a practical and dynamic criterion was proposed: children experiencing a minimum of four URTI episodes, each lasting four days or more, within a six-month period, with intervals of well-being in between. Conclusions: The study highlighted that specific risk factors for R-URTI were elusive, suggesting that this condition may affect children regardless of their family or clinical history. Moreover, the study's stratification by age group and times of observation facilitated patient-specific clinical decision-making. The proposed definition may represent a valuable tool for clinicians in diagnosing and addressing R-URTI cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this research, we examined how temperature, rain, and relative humidity influence the seasonal population of Aedes albopictus, which was estimated using ovitrap data collected in the period 2010–2022 by the monitoring network of Emilia-Romagna region, Italy. The main results suggest that the winter–spring period (January to May) is crucial in determining the size of the first generation and overall seasonal growth of the species. We found that the monthly densities depend on various combinations of meteorological parameters. Background: Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, has become a prevalent pest in Italy, causing severe nuisance and posing a threat of transmission of arboviruses introduced by infected travelers. In this study, we investigated the influence of weather parameters on the seasonal population density of Aedes albopictus. Methods: A Bayesian approach was employed to identify the best meteorological predictors of species trend, using the eggs collected monthly from 2010 to 2022 by the Emilia-Romagna regional monitoring network. Results: The findings show that the winter–spring period (January to May) plays a crucial role in the size of the first generation and seasonal development of the species. Conclusions: A temperate winter and a dry and cold March, followed by a rainy and hot spring and a rainy July, seem to favor the seasonal development of Ae. albopictus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, in Italy, consumers are choosing hen eggs from farming systems with higher ethical value, due to their perception of a related higher quality and safety. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the existence of differences in elemental content in Italian eggs from organic, barn, and caged hen farming methods and to determine the related potential consumer exposure risk to inorganic contaminants due to the consumption of eggs. One hundred seventy-six egg samples were collected and analyzed using Q-ICP-MS to investigate the content of 14 elements (Pb, As, Hg, Cd, Tl, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Se, Co, Ni, V, and Cr) and 13 rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb). The scenarios of exposure to rare earth and other elements from eggs were estimated for three age groups of consumers. The daily intake values were always lower than the respective safety reference values. In conclusion, Italian hen eggs contain low levels of rare earth and other elements, and therefore, their consumption does not represent a risk of exposure. Finally, no significant differences in contaminants between conventional and organic farming methods were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intense development process that swept through Italy in the post-World War II period dramatically worsened the level of water contamination. From the mid-1950s, in the most damaged contexts, the issue began to attract increasing attention from both the technical- scientific community and political institutions. The refinement of investigative methods and the experimentation of technical solutions were accompanied by the drafting of legislative proposals for the protection of water bodies. On this latter front, a political dialectic unfolded, reflecting the contemporary debate on the redefinition of the structure of the State triggered by the establishment of the ordinary statute Regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Gastric lesions are a common condition in pigs, representing a critical issue in the pig industry that can cause heavy losses for farmers in terms of reduced growing performance and mortality. In heavy pig production, which is typical of Italy and is characterized by a long fattening period, the prevalence of such lesions at the abattoir has not been widely studied. Moreover, the impact of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) usage on the occurrence of such lesions in heavy pigs needs to be better investigated. In this study, the prevalence of gastric lesions in heavy pigs in two large slaughterhouses was investigated. Furthermore, the association between the usage of anti-inflammatory drugs and gastric lesions was explored in a subset of farms. Most of the animals had mild or severe ulcers, and a relationship with the usage of NSAIDs was found. The results of this study suggest that gastric lesions are an important issue for heavy pig production and that non-selective NSAIDs should be used with caution on farms where the risk factors for gastric ulcers are common. Gastric lesions in pigs cause welfare and economic losses. Their prevalence in heavy pigs reared for premium products (e.g., Parma ham) requires further investigation. Stress, nutrition, and farm management are known risk factors, but the effects of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of gastric lesions in Italian heavy pigs and their possible association with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. A total of 9371 pig stomachs from 76 farms were evaluated. Among these, 20.3% showed no lesions, while 30.7%, 42.1%, and 6.8% were scored 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A tendency for an inverse relationship with farm size emerged. The use of steroids and NSAIDs was estimated by calculating a treatment incidence per 1000 (TI1000) in a subset of 36 farms. At least one prescription for NSAIDs and/or steroids was found in 80.6% of the farms (55.6% used NSAIDs and 63.9% used steroids). Median TI1000 was 0.07 (range: 0–30.1) and 0.18 (range: 0–6.2) for NSAIDs and steroids, respectively. Gastric scores were positively associated with NSAID use, but not with steroid use. Although the role of these drugs in gastric lesions needs to be further clarified, these findings suggest a cautious use of non-selective NSAIDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vaccination of pregnant women against influenza and COVID-19 may reduce the risk of severe illness in both the women of this population and their babies. Although the risks of non-vaccination are more serious than the side effects, maternal immunization is still the least-used method of prevention due to a lack of information leading to concerns about the safety and efficacy of vaccines, resulting in a low prevalence rate among pregnant individuals. Our study investigates vaccination coverage and the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of COVID-19 in pregnant women at a university hospital. A questionnaire was created with the following three scores: a vaccination propensity score, a knowledge score and a hesitancy score. The first observation in the results was the very low number of immunized women (only 4.7% received their first dose). The main barrier towards vaccination was found to be fear of adverse events. We noticed a low percentage of influenza and diphtheria tetanus pertussis vaccination compared to other studies. Vaccination propensity was higher when healthcare workers educated their patients. As immunization is a crucial part of public health policy, measuring coverage to identify gaps and monitor trends, especially for individuals considered at high risk, and developing new strategies in order to increase awareness of vaccination during pregnancy is particularly timely and relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater-based surveillance enabled the first detection of the mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-10 in Italy. This plasmid-borne resistance gene was found in strains of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae isolated from samples of human raw sewage collected over several months. Although the isolates were phenotypically susceptible to colistin, the emergence of mcr-10 is concerning due to the highly variable expression of the gene and the potential for horizontal transfer to other species. In addition, the strains also carried an extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene and were phenotypically resistant to several beta-lactams. This study highlights the value of wastewater-based surveillance as an effective tool to monitor the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in strains circulating in the community and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, few reports have evaluated the pneumococcal vaccination status in cirrhotic patients. No data are available for European countries. We have explored this topic and the potential independent predictors motivating lack of vaccination in Italy. Between January 1st and June 30th 2022, 1419 cirrhotic patients of any etiology were consecutively enrolled in an observational, prospective study at 8 referral centers in Italy. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the association with lack of vaccination were evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Overall vaccine coverage was 17.9% (8.9% in patients < 65 years of age and 27.1% in those aged ≥ 65 years; p < 0.001). Among the 1165 unvaccinated patients, 1068 (91.7%) reported lack of information regarding vaccination as the reason for not having undergone vaccination. Independent predictors associated with lack of vaccination were age < 65 years (OR 3.39, CI 95% 2.41–4.76) and a higher number of schooling years (OR 2.14, CI 95% 1.58–2.91); alcoholic etiology resulted only marginally associated (OR 1.91, CI 95% 1.03–3.52). These findings establish evidence on how pneumococcal vaccination status in Italy is largely suboptimal among cirrhotic patients. These results raise concern, considering the severe outcomes of pneumococcal infection in patients with chronic liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helminth infection was analysed at necropsy and coprology in a total of 54 roe deer from the province of Grosseto (central Italy) between 2018 – 2020. Age and sex data were recorded for each deer for a total of 31 adults (23 females, 8 males) and 23 juveniles (11 females, 12 males). The results on the small intestine (51 samples) highlighted that nematodes belonging to the species Trichostrongylus colubriformis were the most prevalent parasite (41.2 %), followed by the cestode Moniezia expansa (7.8 %). The large intestine results (52 samples) showed Trichuris spp. (53.8 %), Oesophagostomum venulosum (50 %) and Chabertia ovina (26.9 %). In the abomasum, only Ostertagia ostertagi (17.9 %) was found. Of the 34 samples analysed by bronchopulmonary, only the lung of an adult female was positive for Dictyocaulus spp. In two livers out of 33 samples analysed, nematodes of the species Setaria tundra were found on the surface. Copropositivity was observed in 45 of the 52 faecal samples analysed. The results of the present study indicate that the roe deer is host to several species of parasites, which are also common in other cervids and domestic ruminants. Statistical testing highlighted a significant difference between mean intensities in males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature-protected coastal plain areas in the Po River Delta, Italy, are subjected to periodic flooding. Such phenomena create temporary water habitats conducive to the development of salt marsh mosquitoes, such as Aedes caspius (Pallas) and Aedes detritus (Haliday), which cause significant nuisance impacting the tourist industry. Mosquito control is therefore required, but conflict arises about the need to safeguard endangered bird species typically nesting in the wetlands. Despite the fact that adopted mosquito control methods are designed to cause as little disturbance as possible, authorities responsible for nature conservation require that the possible impact of larval control activities are further reduced. These concerns have served as an incentive to seek out alternative control strategies, such as the enhancement of the predatory action of fish species inhabiting the salt marsh biotopes. The most abundant of these species is the native Aphanius fasciatus (Valenciennes) (Cyprinodontiformes Cyprinodontidae). The access of fish to isolated pools and lowlands subjected to occasional flooding can be promoted by connecting them to major permanent water bodies via shallow ditches or runnels, which are dug by hand. The results of four years of observations and larval sampling in a salt marsh area of about 4 ha, located in the natural reserve of "Sacca del Bellocchio" where a system of runnels has been planned and constructed, suggest that runnelling can be an effective, long-lasting larval control method, favouring the predatory action of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The malignant transformation risk of oral lichen planus (OLP) is still a dilemma in the literature. The first report of oral squamous cell carcinoma with the origin of OLP was in 1910. Initially, the reported risk in the literature was high after this date; then, with the application of restricted criteria for the diagnosis of OLP, the reported risk become too low. Currently, there is a recommendation to conduct further studies in which other variables are considered, such as smoking and drinking habits and the type and localization of the lesion. This is in order to evaluate the exact risk of OLP and, correspondingly, to avoid the clinical underestimation by medical staff of the risk of malignant transformation of OLP. This study aims to retrospectively assess the potential risk of malignant transformation in patients with diagnosed oral lichen planus (OLP) between 2015 and 2022, and to evaluate the influence of different risk factors. The department's database and medical records from 2015 to 2022 were searched for patients with a confirmed diagnosis of OLP based on both clinical and histological parameters. A total of 100 patients (59 females and 41 males) were found with a mean age of 64.03 years. In the considered period, the percentage of diagnosed OLP patients was 1.6%, while the percentage of diagnosed OLP patients with transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was 0.18%. A statistically significant difference was found with age (p = 0.038), tobacco status (p = 0.022), and radiotherapy (p = 0.041). The analysis revealed the presence of significant risk in ex-smokers (>20 pack-years), with an odds ratio (OR) of 10.0000 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.5793–63.3186); in alcohol-drinker patients, with an OR of 4.0519 (95% CI 1.0182–16.1253); in ex-smoker and alcohol-drinker patients, with OR of 17.6250 (95% CI 2.2464–138.2808); and in patients who had undergone radiotherapy, with OR of 6.3000 (95% CI 1.2661–31.3484). The malignant transformation of oral lichen planus was slightly higher than thought, and the results revealed a possible association with age, tobacco and alcohol status, and history of radiotherapy. An elevated risk of malignant transformation was observed in heavy ex-smoker patients, alcohol-drinker patients, and alcohol-drinker patients with a history of smoking (ex-smokers). Persuading the patient to quit tobacco and alcohol consumption and periodic follow-ups are recommended in general, but particularly in the presence of these risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of colistin resistance raises growing concerns because of its use as a last-resort antimicrobial for the treatment of severe gram-negative bacterial infections in humans. Plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistance genes (mcr) are particularly worrisome due to their high propensity to spread. An mcr-9-positive Escherichia coli was isolated from a piglet in Italy, representing the first isolation of this gene from an E. coli of animal origin in the country. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that mcr-9 was borne by an IncHI2 plasmid carrying several other resistance genes. The strain was indeed phenotypically resistant to six different antimicrobial classes, including 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins. Despite the presence of mcr-9, the isolate was susceptible to colistin, probably because of a genetic background unfavourable to mcr-9 expression. The lack of colistin resistance, coupled with the fact that the farm of origin had not used colistin in years, suggests that mcr-9 in such a multidrug-resistant strain can be maintained thanks to the co-selection of neighbouring resistance genes, following usage of different antimicrobials. Our findings highlight how a comprehensive approach, integrating phenotypical testing, targeted PCR, WGS-based techniques, and information on antimicrobial usage is crucial to shed light on antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Girdling is an ancient agronomic technique that causes a change in the distribution of photosynthates, mineral nutrients and plant hormones. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of girdling technique on 'Italia' and 'Victoria' table grape cultivars. In this study, the carpological, physico-chemical and sensory data were evaluated. In order to assess the effect of girdling on grape volatile compounds, a headspace solid-phase microextraction was also performed. Results showed the effects of girdling on morphological, physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of table grapes with a different change of berry size and colour depending on the cultivar. The girdling treatment produced a significant decrease of sugar content and total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio only for 'Italia' cultivar. The analysis of volatile compounds revealed that 'Italia' cultivar had three more compounds than 'Victoria' and that the samples taken from the girdled grapevines had fewer compounds than their ungirdled ones. The results exhibited that the girdling treatment was more effective on the 'Italia' cultivar. This study showed that girdling efficacy strongly depends on the cultivar. The samples from the girdled grapevines had fewer volatile compounds than the ungirdled ones. The Principal Component Analysis totally differentiated both cultivar and treatment without overlap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth flows are complex gravitational events characterised by a heterogeneous displacement pattern in terms of scale, style, and orientation. As a result, their monitoring, for both knowledge and emergency purposes, represents a relevant challenge in the field of engineering geology. This paper aims to assess the capabilities, peculiarities, and limitations of different remote sensing monitoring techniques through their application to the Pietrafitta earth flow (Southern Italy). The research compared and combined data collected during the main landslide reactivations by different ground-based remote sensors such as Robotic Total Station (R-TS), Terrestrial Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (T-InSAR), and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), with data being derived by satellite-based Digital Image Correlation (DIC) analysis. The comparison between R-TS and T-InSAR measurements showed that, despite their different spatial and temporal resolutions, the observed deformation trends remain approximately coherent. On the other hand, DIC analysis was able to detect a kinematic process, such as the expansion of the landslide channel, which was not detected by the other techniques used. The results suggest that, when faced with complex events, the use of a single monitoring technique may not be enough to fully observe and understand the processes taking place. Therefore, the limitations of each different technique alone can be solved by a multi-sensor monitoring approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of newly described sandfly-borne phleboviruses has been steadily growing in recent years. Some phleboviruses are human pathogens, but their health relevance is largely uncharacterized. We aimed to investigate the circulation of these viruses in the Emilia-Romagna region where several have already been described. A total of 482 sandflies were collected in a site in Reggio Emilia in 2019 and 2020. Sandflies collected in 2020 were grouped in 21 pools with a maximum of 25 sandflies per pool, submitted to real time PCR, and isolated in Vero cell culture. Complete genome sequencing showed the isolation of a strain of a Ponticelli III virus. This virus, which belongs to the species Adana phlebovirus, differed in the M segment from the Ponticelli I and Ponticelli II viruses. Analysis performed on the genomic segments of the newly isolated virus compared with other phleboviruses highlighted a strong purifying selection in the L segments, and different substitution saturation, highest in the M segments. Future research should address the ecological processes driving the occurrence of these novel phleboviruses and their possible impact on public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The use of boars for breeding purposes is common on small farms in rural regions of Italy. These animals are butchered at the end of their reproductive life for the production of charcuterie. In this regard, orchiectomy is required to remove boar taint caused by testosterone metabolites. The purpose of this study is to validate the efficacy of a safe, rapid and inexpensive castration procedure. To accomplish this objective, 91 boars were orchiectomised using the suture ligation technique. Following castration, characteristics of the severed ductus deference were evaluated in order to understand how much force would be required to tie knots without breaking the deferens and achieving proper haemostasis. After identifying a correlation between tensile strength and the age and weight of boars, a sutureless technique was successfully applied to 20 animals. The heterogeneity of Italian manufacturing processes results in the production of a large variety of pork products. In Sardinia, boars are raised and butchered to produce charcuterie. These animals are castrated before slaughter as androstenone would otherwise taint the meat, rendering it unfit for human consumption. However, to date, the literature concerning surgical orchiectomy in adult boars is limited. The goal of this study is to assess whether a sutureless swine orchiectomy procedure is feasible. Additionally, this study aims to determine the appropriate traction force needed to tie knots in the deferens duct of pigs of different weights and ages. Two groups were created: the first (n = 91) underwent orchiectomy by suture ligation; the second (n = 20) was castrated using the sutureless technique. Deferens ducts of animals in the first group (n = 182) were collected following castration, and their tensile strength was measured. Pearson's linear correlation was used to determine the relationship between the maximum traction force and weight and age groups. A correlation of 0.99 and 0.96 was shown between traction force and age and traction force and weight, respectively. In accordance with these results, sutureless castration was performed on 20 animals, calibrating the pulling force needed according to the age and weight of the boars. No complications were observed during the feasibility study, thus validating sutureless orchiectomy in adult boars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-thalassemia is characterized in about 80% of cases by deletions generated by the presence of duplications and interspersed repeated sequences in the α-globin gene cluster. In a project on the molecular basis of α-thalassemia in Southern Italy, we identified six families, showing an absence of the most common deletions, and normal α-globin gene sequences. Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA), qRT-PCR, and the sequencing of long-range PCR amplicon have been used for the identification and characterization of new deletions. MLPA analysis for the identification of α- and β-globin rearrangement revealed the presence of five new α-thalassemia deletions. The set-up of qRT-PCR allowed us to delimit the extent of the deletions ranging from about 10 kb to more than 250 kb, two of them being of the telomeric type. The long-range PCR generated a specific anomalous fragment in three deletions, and only several unspecific bands in the other two deletions. The sequencing of the anomalous amplicons revealed the breakpoints of two deletions: the --PA, 34 kb long, identified in two families, and the telomeric --AG, 274 kb long. The anomalous fragment containing the breakpoint of the deletion --FG was partially sequenced, and it was not possible to identify the breakpoints due to the presence of several repetitive Alu sequences. The analysis of the breakpoint regions of the --Sciacca and --Puglia, respectively, are about 10 and 165 kb long, and revealed the presence of repeats that most likely impaired the amplification of a specific fragment for the identification of the breakpoint. MLPA, in association with qRT-PCR and long-range PCR, is a good approach for the identification and molecular characterization of rare or new deletions. Breakpoint analysis confirms that Alu sequences play an important role in favoring unequal crossing-over. Southern Italy shows considerable genetic heterogeneity, as expected with its central position in the Mediterranean basin, favoring migratory flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems could significantly contribute to renewable energy production and reduce domestic energy costs. In Italy, as in other countries, the current incentives generate a modest annual increase after the generous fiscal incentives that kick-started the PV market in the 2008–2013 period. Several factors are, however, at play that can speed up the installation process, such as the improvements in PV technology at declining prices, the increased availability of battery-storage (BS) systems, the growing use of electric appliances, the uptake of electric cars, and the increased environmental awareness. We integrate two research methodologies, discrete choice modeling and agent-based modeling, to understand how these factors will influence households' decisions regarding PV and BS installations and how agents interact in their socioeconomic environment. We predict that in Italy, given the preference structure of homeowners, the continuing decline in costs, and the social interaction, 40–45% of homeowners will have PV or PV and BS installed by 2030, thanks to the existing investment tax credit policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute and reversible left ventricular dysfunction and can be complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS). However, few data are available on optimal care in TTS complicated by CS. Aim of this study was to evaluate short- and long-term impact of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) on mortality in this setting. Methods and results In a multi-centre, international registry on TTS, 2248 consecutive patients were enrolled from 38 centres from Germany, Italy, and Spain. Of the 2248 patients, 212 (9.4%) experienced CS. Patients with CS had a higher prevalence of diabetes (27% vs. 19%), male sex (25% vs. 10%), and right ventricular involvement (10% vs. 5%) (P < 0.01 in all cases). Forty-three patients with CS (20% of 212) received IABP within 8 h (interquartile range 4–18) after admission. No differences in terms of age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, and admission left ventricular ejection fraction were found among patients with and without IABP. There were no significant differences in terms of 30-day mortality (16% vs. 17%, P = 0.98), length of hospitalization (18.9 vs. 16.7 days, P = 0.51), and need of invasive ventilation (35% vs. 41%, P = 0.60) among two groups: 30-day survival was not significantly different even after propensity score adjustment (log-rank P = 0.73). At 42-month follow-up, overall mortality in patients with CS and TTS was 35%, not significantly different between patients receiving IABP and not (37% vs. 35%, P = 0.72). Conclusions In a large multi-centre observational registry, the use of IABP was not associated with lower mortality rates at short- and long-term follow-up in patients with TTS and CS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Actinic keratosis (AK) is a precursor of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). UV radiation is the major risk factor for AK, but certain human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the beta genus are also involved in its development. Differently, the role of polyomaviruses (PyVs) in skin carcinogenesis is still debated. Fiftheen PyVs have been isolated from human tissues so far, including Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), the aetiological agent of Merkel cell carcinoma. Methods: The presence of 13 PyVs was assessed in skin samples from AK patients (n = 342). Matched fresh-frozen scrapings from healthy skin (HS) and AK lesions from 242 patients, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded AK biopsies from a different cohort of 100 patients were analyzed by multiplex PyVs genotyping assay. Results: The most frequent lesion site was the scalp in men (27.3%), and the cheek area in women (29.0%). Differences between men and women were significant for the scalp, the cheek area and the lips. Almost all the scrapings were PyV-positive (HS: 89.7%, AK: 94.6%; p = 0.04). The three most frequent PyVs were MCPyV, HPyV6 and JCPyV (HS: 87.2%, 58.7%, 6.6%, respectively; AK: 88.8%, 51.2%, 9.9%, respectively). HPyV9, TSPyV, BKPyV, HPyV7, LIPyV and SV40 were detected in < 2% of the scrapings. In most cases, matched HS and AK scrapings were both positive (MCPyV: 78.1%, HPyV6: 41.7%), or both negative for the individual genotypes (for the remaining PyVs). PyV prevalence in AK biopsies was 22.0%. Only MCPyV (21.0%) and HPyV6 (3.0%) were detected in these samples. Conclusions: PyV prevalence in HS and AK scrapings was high, but detection of PyVs exclusively in AK scrapings was rare. PyV positivity rate in AK biopsies was modest. Further research is need to reach firm conclusions regarding the role of these viruses in AK development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Candida tropicalis is a human pathogenic yeast frequently isolated in Latin America and Asian‐Pacific regions, although recent studies showed that it is also becoming increasingly widespread throughout several African and south‐European countries. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about its global patterns of genetic variation as most of existing multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data come from Asia and there are no genotyped African isolates. Objectives: We report detailed genotyping data from a large set of C. tropicalis isolates recovered from different clinical sources in Italy, Egypt and Cameroon in order to expand the allele/genotype library of MLST database (https://pubmlst.org/ctropicalis), and to explore the genetic diversity in this species. Methods: A total of 103 C. tropicalis isolates were genotyped using the MLST scheme developed for this species. All isolates were also tested for in vitro susceptibility to various antifungals to assess whether certain genotypes were associated with drug‐resistance. Results and Conclusions: A total of 104 different alleles were detected across the MLST‐loci investigated. The allelic diversity found at these loci resulted in 51 unique MLST genotypes of which 36 (70.6%) were novel. Global optimal eBURST analysis identified 18 clonal complexes (CCs) and confirm the existence of a specific Italian‐cluster (CC36). Three CCs were also statistically associated with fluconazole resistance, which was elevated in Cameroon and Egypt. Our data show high genetic diversity in our isolates suggesting that the global population structure of C. tropicalis is still poorly understood. Moreover, its clinical impact in Italy, Egypt and Cameroon appears to be relevant and should be carefully considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops an analysis of Future (2019), the first anthology to bring together texts by Black Italian women and non-binary writers of African and Caribbean descent, and reads it in continuity with the pioneering anthology Pecore nere (Black Sheep) (2005), the first collection of short stories to thematize racial difference in postcolonial Italy. It initially articulates a reflection on the anthology as an autonomous genre that has had both a conservative and an innovative function in Italian literature and culture, and then examines how Future openly deploys an intersectional approach to denounce structural racism and sexism and to displace the white and whitening colonial male gaze. The article, furthermore, highlights how Future participates in a transnational creative and critical conversation with other Black feminists, Black Mediterranean and Black European authors, thus contributing to the de-centralization of US narratives about race while further enriching the debate about processes of racialization in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This interview with writer and activist Leaticia Ouedraogo was conducted via email during May and June 2022. Ouedraogo discusses what the concept of intersectionality means to her on a personal, political, and theoretical level, and how it is necessary to adopt an intersectional perspective, along with a decolonial practice, to fight sexism and racism. Starting from her short story "Nassan Tenga" (published in the anthology Future. Il domani narrato dalle voci di oggi [Future: Tomorrow Narrated by the Voices of Today]), the author also discusses the consequences of racism from a psychological and inter-generational perspective. The themes of structural racism, white privilege, decolonization, and intersectionality are articulated by Ouedraogo within the Italian postcolonial context, where they take on specific meanings in light of Italy's (often removed) colonial history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Italian XEN Glaucoma Treatment Registry (XEN-GTR) was created to acquire a comprehensive prospective dataset that includes the patient characteristics, intraoperative variables, and postoperative management of glaucoma patients undergoing the XEN gel stent implantation. Methods This was a prospective observational, longitudinal clinical study involving 10 centres throughout Italy. The baseline examination included a comprehensive evaluation of demographic parameters (age, sex, ethnicity, and systemic condition), specific ophthalmological parameters, and quality of life questionnaire score collection. Results The baseline data of 273 patients were analysed. The median (IQR) age was 72 (65.0 to 78.0) years. Of the 273 patients, 123 (45%) were female and 150 (55%) were male. A total of 86% of the patients had open-angle glaucoma with a mean intraocular pressure of 24 ± 6 (range 12.0–60.0) mmHg. The mean number of medications was 2.7 ± 0.9 at baseline for the patients with a prevalence of prostaglandin analogues combined with a beta-blocker and anhydrase carbonic inhibitor (31.8%). The mean scores of the NEI-VFQ 25 and GSS questionnaires were 78 ± 18 (range 26.5–100) and 85 ± 14 (range 79–93), respectively. Combined XEN/cataract surgeries were scheduled in 73.7% of the patients. The preferred place for the XEN implant was the supero-nasal quadrant (91.6%). Conclusions Observing the baseline characteristics of the typical Italian candidates for the XEN gel implant shows that they are patients affected by POAG and cataracts, with moderate to severe glaucoma damage, all of which has an impact on their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The use of monitoring schemes to determine the health and welfare status of animals at the abattoir level provides useful feedbacks to farmers and to all those involved in the activities carried out before slaughtering. Bruises are considered welfare indicators in cattle carcasses, as they represent a sign of improper handling or management executed during the pre-slaughter phases. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of bruises in beef cattle at the slaughterhouse and to determine their correlation with factors linked to animal transport. The 21.6% of the animals included in the study had bruises, which were mainly characterized by being red, small and located in one region. Steers had less probability of presenting bruises compared to the other categories, while animals transported in the condition of a high space allowance had more chance of presenting bruises. Even though more studies are needed, the results of this study have shown that the assessment of bruises on cattle carcasses could reflect some welfare issues occurring during pre-slaughter activities. These data can be used to improve specific procedures and to boost cattle welfare. The assessment of bruises on carcasses at the slaughterhouse has been lately indicated as a valid method to evaluate cattle welfare. However, little is known about the prevalence and the causes of bruises of cattle slaughtered in Italy. The aim of this study was to collect information concerning the prevalence of bruises on the carcasses of beef cattle slaughtered in an Italian abattoir and to determine a relationship between fresh bruises and transport-related factors. In total, 1265 animals were included in this study, with 21.6% of them being positive for at least one bruise, either fresh or old. In most cases, the bruising was mild, with lesions exclusively located in one area of the carcass. Most of the bruised animals (63%) showed at least one red lesion. Occurrence of such red, fresh bruises varied significantly depending on the body parts (p < 0.0001), with the flank being the most affected area (39.5%), followed by the butt (36.0%) and the front (23.8%). The probability of fresh bruising varied significantly depending on the category of each animal (p < 0.0001), with steers showing fewer red bruises than both heifers and veal. Finally, animals transported in conditions of a high density had a lower probability of bruising (p = 0.0003). These findings support the use of a monitoring scheme based on the presence of bruises to assess cattle welfare at the abattoir level in order to provide feedback to farmers and to implement procedures carried out during transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rate of chronic drooling in children older than 4 years is 0.5%, but it rises to 60% in those with neurological disorders. Physical and psychosocial consequences lead to a reduction in the quality of Life (QoL) of affected patients; however, the problem remains under-recognized and under-treated. We conducted an Italian consensus through a modified Delphi survey to discuss the current treatment paradigm of drooling in pediatric patients with neurological disorders. Methods: After reviewing the literature, a board of 10 experts defined some statements to be administered to a multidisciplinary panel through an online encrypted platform. The answers to the questions were based on a 1–5 Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree). The scores were grouped into 1–2 (disagreement) and 4–5 (agreement), while 3 was discarded. The consensus was reached when the sum of the disagreement or agreement was ≥75%. Results: Fifteen statements covered three main topics, namely clinical manifestations and QoL, quantification of drooling, and treatment strategies. All statements reached consensus (≥75% agreement). The 55 Italian experts agreed that drooling should be assessed in all children with complex needs, having a major impact on the QoL. Attention should be paid to investigating posterior hypersalivation, which is often neglected but may lead to important clinical consequences. Given that the severity of drooling fluctuates over time, its management should be guided by the patients' current needs. Furthermore, the relative lack of validated and universal scales for drooling quantification limits the evaluation of the response to treatment. Finally, the shared therapeutic paradigm is progressive, with conservative treatments preceding the pharmacological ones and reserving surgery only for selected cases. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the pivotal importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the management of drooling. National experts agree that progressive treatment can reduce the incidence of complications, improve the QoL of patients and caregivers, and save healthcare resources. Finally, this study highlights how the therapeutic strategy should be reconsidered over time according to the available drugs on the market, the progression of symptoms, and the patients' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of videos has grown rapidly in recent years. Finding and browsing relevant information to be automatically extracted from videos is not an easy task, but today it is an indispensable feature due to the immense number of digital products available. In this paper, we present a system which provides a process to automatically extract information from videos. We describe a system solution that uses a re-trained OpenNLP model to locate all the places and famous people included in a specific video. The system obtains information from the Google Knowledge Graph related to relevant named entities such as places or famous people. In this paper we will also present the Automatic Georeferencing Video (AGV) system developed by RAI (Radiotelevisione italiana, which is the national public broadcasting company of Italy, owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance) Teche for the European Project "La Città Educante" (The Educating City: teaching and learning processes in cross-media ecosystem) Our system contributes to The Educating City project by providing the technological environment to create statistical models for automatic named entity recognition (NER), and has been implemented in the field of education, in Italian initially. The system has been applied to the learning challenges facing the world of educational media and has demonstrated how beneficial combining topical news content with scientific content can be in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of skin disorders with skin fragility characterized by blistering from minimal mechanical trauma with rupture at the dermoepidermal junction. There are four major classical heritable EB types, due to mutations in as many as 20 distinct genes: EB simplex (EBS), junctional EB (JEB), dystrophic EB (DEB), and Kindler EB (KEB). This study is aimed at reporting case series on patients (N = 8 ; males, n = 5 and females, n = 3 , age range 12-68 years) affected by EB and performs a review of the literature on this topic. This group of disorders can affect oral soft and hard tissues in various ways, resulting in various effects including enamel hypoplasia, dental caries, microstomia, ankyloglossia, oral blistering, and ulcerations early-onset periodontal disease. From the sample results, it can be concluded that the clinical manifestation of EB patients is highly variable and very different in prognosis. Oral health deeply influences the quality of life of EB patients. Dental management is essential to prevent the aggravation of soft tissue damage and tooth loss and to improve the quality of life through prosthetic and restorative therapies. Dentists should consider the oral alterations of EB subtypes to perform a personalized approach to the patients' needs in a preventive and therapeutic point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the summer of 2007, an outbreak of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) started in the urban areas of Castiglione di Cervia (Latitude 44°15′35.70" N, Longitude 12°15′47.08" E) and Castiglione di Ravenna (Latitude 44°15′33.97" N, Longitude 12°15′17.97" E), Italy, with secondary foci in other Emilia-Romagna urban areas. At the end of the outbreak a total of 217 confirmed cases were reported (45.6% males, 54.4% females). Aedes albopictus was identified as the mosquito vector species responsible of the outbreak. To estimate the dispersion of infected female mosquitoes, a spatio-temporal analysis on geocoded human case residences was performed using a Geographic Information System (QGIS 3.10). The mean distance between the primary and secondary cases after 7–14 days from the start of the outbreak ranged from 71.58 m (± 32.26 SD) to 83.07 m (± 32.26 SD) while the maximum distance ranged from 130.50 m to 174.93 m. The results obtained from this analysis can be useful to better understand the dynamics of the outbreak and to provide evidence-based data for planning emergence vector control activities focused on imported cases, to avoid the spread of the virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In recent decades, soil erosion has been recognized as a serious environmental problem in many countries of the world and the impacts of climate change have focused attention on potential changes in erosion rates that could further increase such problem. These impacts are documented by a general decrease of annual precipitation and a corresponding increase in the number of heavy rainfall events, intensity and frequency that accelerate the loss of fertile soil material. Materials and methods: Direct observations of soil loss obtained during the period 2006–2016 on five experimental plots in Southern Italy were preliminarily presented and discussed. These measurements were used to calibrate the RUSLE model that, coupled with independent long-term measurements of rainfall erosivity, allowed calculation of soil erosion from 1954 to date. Results and discussion: The plot measurements showed annual values of soil erosion generally higher than the long-term estimates provided by the RUSLE (1954–2019) suggesting an increasing trend of soil erosion rates during the last 20–25 years. On the contrary, a decreasing trend of the annual rainfall measurements can be observed for the same period. Conclusions: The overall results demonstrated that models like the RUSLE can be considered a useful tool to individuate changes of erosion rates and to isolate the effect of climate change on soil loss. Also, the opposite trend obtained for the annual rainfall measurements suggests that these should not be used to explore the effects of climate change in Mediterranean areas but measurements of rainfall at shorter time intervals (≤ 30 min) are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lentil (Lens culinaris, Medik.), an accessible low‐cost high‐quality protein form for many people, is a salt‐sensitive legume, which already at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 3 dS/m (~30 mM NaCl) has a yield loss of about 90% compared to other crops. Identifying salinity‐tolerant lentil germplasm is nowadays of primary importance for ensuring the production of superfood and the sustainability of the lentil industry. In this study, four cultivars Castelluccio di Norcia, Eston, Ustica and Pantelleria were grown up to a complete life cycle, in an open field, in soils conditioned with 100 mM NaCl and were compared with the same cultivars grown in unsalinized soils. Growth parameters, osmolytes and phenotypic characteristics of lentils were assessed. Our results evidenced different mechanisms specific for each tolerant cultivar. Pantelleria was the cultivar that mostly accumulated sodium in shoot and root and used it in addition to proline as osmoregulatory. Ustica accumulated less sodium and calcium than Pantelleria but more chlorine in root and enhanced also the production of the osmoregulatory. Castelluccio accumulated less sodium but more calcium and sulphates than the other two resistant cultivars, producing at the same time also osmolytes. The preference of ion uptake and compartmentalization can depend on the growth environment. PANT and UST are islander, therefore, prevalently in contact with sodium and chlorine, while CAST originated from central Italy is cultivated in soil where calcium and sulphate are the most abundant element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late-preterm infants (LPT) are at increased risk for long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae and iron deficiency. The aim of the study is to assess the positive effect of iron supplementation on psychomotor development in healthy LPT. We designed a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial dividing the newborns into two groups. Every patient was assessed using the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS)-II edition at 12-month post-conceptional age. The study was performed at the Neonatology Unit of our Hospital, in Italy. Sixty-six healthy LPT infants born between 340⁄7 and 366⁄7 weeks of gestational age were enrolled in the study. One group received martial prophylaxis from the third week of life to 6 months of post-conceptional age (2 mg/kg/day of iron pidolate), the other received placebo. Fifty-two of the enrolled infants were assessed using the GMDS at 12-month of post-conceptional age. Statistical analysis of the mean scores of the Griffiths subscales was performed. There was a difference in the mean developmental quotient (DQ) (p < 0.01) between the two groups: iron group mean DQ 121.45 ± 10.53 vs placebo group mean DQ 113.25 ± 9.70. Moreover, mean scores of the Griffiths subscales A, B, and D showed significant differences between the two groups (scale A p < 0.05, scale B p < 0.02, scale D p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: We recommend that all LPT neonates receive iron supplementation during the first 6 months of life in order to improve their 1-year neurodevelopmental quotient. What is Known: • Late-preterm infants (LPT) are at increased risk for long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae and also for iron deficiency. • Iron deficiency is an independent risk factor for adverse neurological outcomes. What is New: • Healthy late-preterm who received iron supplementation during the first 6 months of life achieved better neurological outcomes at 12-month post-conceptional age than LPT who received placebo. • Our study strongly supports the need for the implementation of martial prophylaxis in LPT neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims at revising the nomenclature of the Italian syntaxa belonging to the Festuco hystricis-Ononidetea striatae and Rumici-Astragaletea siculi classes according to the EuroVegChecklist at the ranks of class, order and alliance. The correct syntaxon names, authors' citations, nomenclatural types and causes of invalidity and illegitimacy are identified and reported. Two classes (Cerastio-Carlinetea nebrodensis, Festuco hystricis-Ononidetea striatae), two orders (Erysimo-Jurineetalia bocconei, Euphorbietalia myrsinitae) and three alliances (Cerastio-Astragalion nebrodensis, Armerio denticulatae-Stipion etruscae, Sideritidion italicae), treated as valid syntaxa in the EuroVegChecklist, turned out to be invalidly published. The new class Helianthemo cani-Seslerietea nitidae is here described to replace the Festuco hystricis-Ononidetea striatae. The Erysimo bonanniani-Jurineetalia bocconei is validated to contain the new alliance Odontarrheno nebrodensis-Koelerion splendentis and the validated Cerastio tomentosi-Astragalion nebrodensis. Since the Koelerio brutiae-Astragalion calabrici turned out to be a superfluous name, the Plantaginenion serpentinae is here raised to the rank of alliance to include the silicicolous pulvinate scrub of the Sila Mountains. The order Festuco-Seslerietalia nitidae, previously deemed invalid, is proven to be validly published, and it is the earliest available name for the supra- and oromediterranean xeric calcicolous grasslands of the Italian Peninsula. Three mutations of names are provided, and the Astragaletum calabrici is lectotypified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: JAM3 gene, located on human chromosome 11q25, encodes a member of the junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) family. Mutations of this gene are associated with hemorrhagic destruction of the brain, subependymal calcification, and congenital cataracts (HDBSCC). Case report: Herein, we present a newborn male with a prenatal suspicion of bilateral cataracts but without fetal ultrasound findings of cortical malformations. He was postnatally diagnosed with a clinical picture of HDBSCC and Early-onset Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy (DEE), associated to a homozygous variant of JAM3 gene. Conclusion: Identification of this variant in affected individuals has implications for perinatal and postnatal management and genetic counseling. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported of a child with a JAM3 variant in Italy, from a different ethnic background than the other reported children until now (Saudi Arabian, Turkish, Afghani, and Moroccan origin). JAM3 screening could be requested in prenatal diagnosis of fetal congenital cataracts and included in Next-Generation DNA Sequencing panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, the colonization of Mediterranean Europe and of other temperate regions by Aedes albopictus created an unprecedented nuisance problem in highly infested areas and new public health threats due to the vector competence of the species. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and the Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT) are insecticide-free mosquito-control methods, relying on mass release of irradiated/manipulated males, able to complement existing and only partially effective control tools. The validation of these approaches in the field requires appropriate experimental settings, possibly isolated to avoid mosquito immigration from other infested areas, and preliminary ecological and entomological data. We carried out a 4-year study in the island of Procida (Gulf of Naples, Italy) in strict collaboration with local administrators and citizens to estimate the temporal dynamics, spatial distribution, and population size of Ae. albopictus and the dispersal and survival of irradiated males. We applied ovitrap monitoring, geo-spatial analyses, mark-release-recapture technique, and a citizen-science approach. Results allow to predict the seasonal (from April to October, with peaks of 928–9,757 males/ha) and spatial distribution of the species, highlighting the capacity of Ae. albopictus population of Procida to colonize and maintain high frequencies in urban as well as in sylvatic inhabited environments. Irradiated males shown limited ability to disperse (mean daily distance travelled <60m) and daily survival estimates ranging between 0.80 and 0.95. Overall, the ecological characteristics of the island, the acquired knowledge on Ae. albopictus spatial and temporal distribution, the high human and Ae. albopictus densities and the positive attitude of the resident population in being active parts in innovative mosquito control projects provide the ground for evidence-based planning of the interventions and for the assessment of their effectiveness. In addition, the results highlight the value of creating synergies between research groups, local administrators, and citizens for affordable monitoring (and, in the future, control) of mosquito populations. Author summary: Mosquitoes represent a nuisance as well as public health risk due to their ability to transmit pathogens to humans. The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is an invasive species nowadays established in all Mediterranean countries, reaching highest abundance in Italy. Innovative control approaches have been proposed to complement conventional ones and to increase the success of the fight against this aggressive day-biting species, but still need to be validated in the field. Small islands are ideal places for these validation experiments as they are naturally protected by the spill over of mosquitoes from neighbouring untreated areas. The island of Procida, in the gulf of Naples (Italy), has the right ecological characteristics (e.g., homogeneous landscape and high densities of human and Ae. albopictus populations) to represent an ideal experimental site. In collaboration with the Municipality and the residents we obtained relevant data on the mosquito distribution and seasonality on the island and performed preliminary experiments, creating an instrumental baseline information which will facilitate the effective testing of novel control schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fake news on children's and adolescent health are spreading. Internet availability and decreasing costs of media devices are contributing to an easy access to technology by families. Public health organizations are working to contrast misinformation and promote scientific communication. In this context, a new form of communication is emerging social media influencers. Aim of this study is to evaluate the role of paediatric influencers (PI) in communicating information about children and adolescents' health. Materials and methods: A group of PI was enrolled from December 2019 to January 2020 by a scientific commission nominated by the Italian Paediatric Society (SIP). PI were asked to share Facebook messages from the official page of the SIP to their own network. Social media tools have been evaluated across 12 months, from July 28, 2019, to July 11, 2020. For the purposes of clarity, we schematically divided the study period as follows: the period of PIs activity (January 6, 2020, to July 11, 2020) and the period when PIs were not yet active (July 28, 2019, to January 4, 2020). Information on Facebook page (lifetime total likes, daily new likes, daily page engaged, daily total reach) and on published post (lifetime post total reach, lifetime post organic reach, lifetime engaged users) were evaluated. Results: A significant increase in Facebook daily new likes, page engagement and total reach, as well as in lifetime post total and organic reach was evidenced. As for PI, they reported a positive experience in most cases. Discussion: In the digital era, communication strategies are becoming more important, so that the scientific community has to be actively involved in social media communication. Our pilot study demonstrated that the recruitment of paediatric influencers has increased communication and interaction of the SIP Facebook page. Conclusion: Our study shows the potential role of influencers: spreading health messages via PI seems to be a successful strategy to promote correct communication about children's and adolescents' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of two improved tillage systems (conventional tillage combined with the incorporation of solid anaerobic digestate, no-tillage) on the prokaryotic community composition in two tree orchard (olive, citrus) soils with contrasting texture, carbonate content, and pH, located in Southern Italy. Soil samples were taken over a 5-month period to assess immediate (2 days) vs short-term (7 and 18 weeks) responses. Phylogenetic diversity and compositional shifts of both total and metabolically active soil prokaryotic communities were assessed by next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene templates from soil-extracted DNA/RNA. In both digestate-treated soils, copiotrophic α-Proteobacteria and oligotrophic Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Verrucomicrobia showed an immediate (2 days) but short-lived (7 weeks) shift in their relative abundance similar in persistence but not in magnitude; whereas selective soil type-dependent responses were observed for Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes. The autochthonous soil microbiota demonstrated resilience to the addition of the anaerobic digestate, which was dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Euryarchaeota (Methanomicrobia). Likewise, a temporary increase in the relative abundances of copiotrophic taxa (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Thaumarchaeota) was observed under conventional tillage, especially in the sandy loam (citrus) soil. Conversely, no-tillage favored the establishment of oligotrophic Chloroflexi and Verrucomicrobia in both soils. The active and the total prokaryotic communities differed from each other only in physically disturbed soils. Soil management induced compositional shifts in the predominant microbial copiotrophic/oligotrophic community balance, whose persistence was linked to the tillage system, while magnitude depended on soil type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acanthocheilonema reconditum is a filarial parasite transmitted by arthropods (fleas, lice, and ticks) that infect dogs. There is minimal published data available to date on potential haematological and biochemical changes associated with this parasitic infection. Study aims were (i) provide an overview of A. reconditum in Europe, (ii) define A. reconditum prevalence and risk factors in a specific dog population (hunting) from southern Italy, and (iii) assess the frequency of haemato-biochemical abnormalities associated with infection. Blood samples collected from 3020 dogs were tested by a modified Knott's technique to count and identify microfilariae. Eighty-four dogs were infected by A. reconditum (2.78%; 95% CI 2.19–3.37%). Microfilariae ranged from 1 to 212/ml. Based on clinical examination, all but six dogs with non-specific symptoms were healthy. Haematological abnormalities included leucocytosis (n = 15), with eosinophilia (n = 14) and monocytosis (n = 13). Serum biochemical abnormalities included increased total serum proteins (n = 19), albumins (n = 7), total globulins (n = 14), ALT (n = 1), and ALP (n = 1); one dog was hypoalbuminemic, and BUN was mildly increased in 2 dogs. Risk factors included the province origin (Napoli, OR=5.4, 95%CI: 2.1–14.0; Caserta, OR=5.1, 95%CI: 2.5–10.6), hunting wild mammals (OR=2.8, 95% 95%CI: 1.6–4.8), and ectoparasite infestation (OR=1.9, 95%CI: 1.1–3.1). There was a negative correlation between microfilaraemic load and decreased albumin level (−0.37; p=0.021). Our results showed that A. reconditum circulates within the hunting dog population of southern Italy, with seemingly low pathogenic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this Italian multicenter study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a minimally invasive method for the detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) based on 13‐gene DNA methylation analysis in oral brushing samples. Methods: Oral brushing specimens were collected in 11 oral medicine centers across Italy. Twenty brushing specimens were collected by each center, 10 from patients with OSCC, and 10 from healthy volunteers. DNA methylation analysis was performed in blindness, and each sample was determined as positive or negative based on a predefined cutoff value. Results: DNA amplification failed in 4 of 220 (1.8%) samples. Of the specimens derived from patients with OSCC, 93.6% (103/110) were detected as positive, and 84.9% (90/106) of the samples from healthy volunteers were negative. Conclusion: These data confirmed the diagnostic performance of our novel procedure in a large cohort of brushing specimens collected from 11 different centers and analyzed in blindness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Different antioxidant compounds are generally transferred from olives to olive oil during the production process. This work characterized the principal total bioactive compounds (tocopherols and phenols) in olives, olive oil and by‐products of four cultivars grown in Calabrian areas (southern Italy), considering the effect of harvesting period. Antioxidant capacity, total and individual phenolic compounds were also analysed. RESULTS: Drupes, olive paste, pomace and olive wastewater showed similar phenolic compounds, while olive oil possessed a different composition, suggesting that phenols are not only transferred from drupe to oil, but also they change during oil production. Tocopherols varied among cultivars and harvesting period: generally, they were more abundant in samples produced in the first harvesting period. Qualitative and quantitative differences in phenolic composition and antioxidant activity were significantly found among cultivars in all the matrices. CONCLUSION: The highest amount of total phenolic antioxidants ended up in olive wastewater with variability due to the olive cultivar, while only a small part of them finished in the oil. This work shows evidence that the availability of bioactive compounds in different portions from the olive oil extraction belong to different varietal origins. In particular, new information was acquired on Ottobratica Calipa, a new olive clone, that produced an olive oil with an interesting antioxidant amount. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic represents one of the most stressful events of recent times. Among the population, healthcare professionals who treat COVID‐19 patients are most likely to develop psychological distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). The present study thus aimed to investigate the psychological impact of the COVID‐19 outbreak on Italian healthcare workers. Methods: The responses of 145 healthcare workers (72 medical doctors and 73 nurses) were included in the final dataset. Participants were asked to provide sociodemographic and clinical information, and to complete: (a) quality of life and health‐related Visual Analogue Scales, (b) State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory‐Form Y1, (c) Beck Depression Inventory, and (d) PTSD Checklist for DSM‐5. Results: A comparison between healthcare professionals working in COVID‐19 wards and other units revealed that the former reported higher levels of both depressive symptoms and PTSS. Moreover, the results of regression analyses showed that in healthcare professionals working with COVID‐19 patients, gender and marital status, and gender and age significantly predicted depressive symptoms and PTSS, respectively. Particularly, being female and not in a relationship were found to be associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, whereas being female and older were found to be related to higher levels of PTSS. Conclusions: The current findings suggest that specific predisposing factors could identify healthcare workers who are at high risk of developing mental health symptoms when faced with COVID‐19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An autochthonous case of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is reported. The patient developed skin lesions localized along the lymphatics that appeared after he suffered an injury while collecting wicker canes in marshy water. The fungus was identified as Sporothrix schenckii by MALDI-TOF and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was also performed. Low MIC values were detected for all tested echinocandins and azoles except for fluconazole. The patient was treated with itraconazole without significant improvement. A regression of lesions was observed after 3 months of therapy with voriconazole. Few cases of sporotrichosis have been reported in Europe. However, several cases of sporotrichosis have been described in Italy. The incidence of sporotrichosis in Italy may be underestimated and microbiologists, and clinicians must be aware of this fungal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To verify, in a medium-term follow-up, whether or not zirconia (Zr) abutments show similar survival outcomes as titanium (Ti) abutments in posterior areas. Materials and Methods: A two-stage surgical protocol was used. Each patient was followed for 5 years after the definitive prosthesis insertion. Clinical and radiographic parameters were assessed at the yearly follow-up visit, and prosthetic complications were recorded. Statistical analysis (Wilcoxon signed rank test) was used to compare any difference in biologic and radiographic parameters between implants and the natural contralateral teeth. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the changes over time (from baseline to the last follow-up) of clinical and radiographic parameters. Results: A total of 85 patients with a single posterior tooth gap were treated with 85 implants supporting 47 Ti and 38 Zr abutments, respectively. All-ceramic (38) and metal-ceramic (47) single crowns were fabricated. Four patients were classified as dropouts. Eighty-one implants supporting 44 Ti and 37 Zr abutments completed the 5-year follow-up examination. No implant, reconstruction, or abutment failures were recorded. Therefore, the prosthetic survival after 5 years of function was 100% for all the abutments and restorations. No significant differences in biologic and radiographic indexes were found between Ti and Zr abutments when compared with each other and with the natural teeth after 5 years. No significant marginal bone loss was found between the baseline and the last follow-up, both for Zr and Ti abutments. Conclusions: The medium-term survival of Zr abutments in posterior regions was comparable with that of Ti abutments. Long-term evaluations are needed to confirm this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus De Winton, 1898) is endemic to central and southern Italy, where it lives in sympatry with Lepus europaeus in the mainland, while in Sicily L. europaeus is absent. The only report of endoparasites in L. corsicanus in Italy dates back to 2012. After a period of protection, the population density of the Italian hare in Sicily increased. This enabled new parasitological data to be collected on 27 hares which were compared with the data collected on 15 Sicilian hares from a previous study. Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, Paranoplocephala sp. and Cittotaenia (Mosgovoyia) sp. were isolated from the intestine. T. retortaeformis was the most prevalent and abundant parasite. Its abundance was significantly higher in males than in females. No age differences emerged. T. retortaeformis abundance was not related to low body mass and was significantly higher than that calculated from the data of the previous survey. At the same time aggregation, known as a regulatory factor of host-parasite relationship, was also higher in the present study. The possible biases introduced by sampling with different methods prevent any definitive conclusions. However, the relationship between L. corsicanus and its intestinal parasite biocoenosis appears to be stable and has possibly improved, in line with the improved status of the host population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]