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Flooding presents one of the main risks to contemporary and future cities, especially those in coastal zones. Given the social–political nature and construction of urban flood risks, it is of crucial importance to understand how such risks are experienced and addressed, and by whom. This article aims to contribute to this by focusing on a particular actor, i.e. entrepreneurs of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It asks how SMEs experience, perceive and address risks. This knowledge not only can help to improve flood governance by including one group's specific risks and opportunities but also provides new insights into how risk perceptions are constructed and shape subsequent strategies. The findings are based on a comparative study of SMEs in Jakarta, Metro Manila and Bangkok. Using a mixed methods design, the studies show that entrepreneurs distinguish between frequent everyday floods and scarce major floods, but only consider major floods a risk. The latter is explained by a combination of risk normalisation and incremental and independent everyday practices. Strategies aim at keeping the business going in the short run. There are substantial differences between medium and small companies. Finally, the research confirms that attention for SMEs in flood policies or support is nil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this paper were: to find causes of problems-related on traffic and transportation between Bangkok Metropolitan and Jakarta Capital City Administration; and, to figure out how to solver relief the traffic congestion of the two cities. This was a study of facts based on documentary research. The results reveal that Bangkok Metropolitan Administration and Jakarta Capital City Administration deal with traffic and transportation quite in the same direction. It is because private transport users prefer to use their own vehicles rather than public transport so the increasing numbers of private vehicles have outnumbered that of public transport which indeed causes heavy traffic jams. Inadequate roads and public transportation, habit of drivers of the automobiles disobeying the traffic laws as well as rapidly increasing numbers of motorized vehicles resulting in highly congested traffic of the two cities. Numerous remedies are introduced to solve the problems like high parking fees, limited parking places, high taxation, a "three-in-one" rush-hour law, area licensed systems, road-use payment systems and the use of CCTV closed circuit cameras. The problems-related of traffic and transportation congestion, however, are still in contact as continuous problems arousing the citizens of the two cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]