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An interdecadal shift in summer (June–August) sea surface temperature (SST) variations during the period of 1968–2002 was identified in the late 1980s, which is characterized by a phase alternating from negative to positive phases of the leading mode of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the summer monthly mean SST in the Pacific domain 100°–180°E and 0°–40°N, accounting for 30.5% of the total variance. During the period of 1968–1987, the leading mode with a mean negative phase state (mean standard deviation = -0.586) controlled SST variability in the western North Pacific. Correspondingly, negative SST anomalies occupied the western North Pacific south of Japan and Chinese marginal seas. During the period of 1988–2002, the leading mode shifted to its strong positive polarity (mean standard deviation = 0.781), thus positive SST anomalies appeared in the western North Pacific. Accompanied by the interdecadal shift in summer mean SST, summer mean rainfall increased in southern and southeastern China during the late period, particularly in southeastern China where increase in summer mean rainfall exceeded 40 mm, at the 0.05 significance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a centroid moment tensor (CMT) inversion method by using a densely distributed regional seismic network in order to calculate the centroid locations and MT solutions of regional earthquakes. Centroid location and time are obtained using a grid search algorithm with the new CMT inversion method. This method is applied to the earthquakes that occurred in the focal area of the 2004 mid-Niigata prefecture earthquake, central Japan. The centroid locations and focal mechanisms of the main shock and aftershocks with moment magnitudes greater than 3.4 are effectively constrained. We assess the reliability of the CMT inversion method by comparing its results with accurate hypocentres calculated with a local temporary seismic network. The accuracy of the centroid locations in the horizontal and vertical directions is approximately less than 4 km. The MT solutions are consistent with the P-wave first-motion polarities. By using the nodal planes of focal mechanisms and the centroid locations of many earthquakes, we successfully imaged the major faults distributed on a vertical cross-section across the main shock fault. Further, we evaluate the validity of the application to ‘offshore earthquakes’ by using the aftershocks that occur in the landward area, wherein the seismic network does not cover the focal area but is located in a one-sided region of the focal area. These results show that the focal mechanism and depth are very stable, although the accuracy of the horizontal distribution is reduced to half. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]