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In recent years, antimicrobial resistance （AMR） has become a health problem worldwide. In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare （MHLW） has presented an action plan for AMR countermeasures. Although the standard duration of antimicrobial therapy for dental infections has been shown to vary depending on type of infection and patient's condition, three-day therapy is considered the basic duration. Inappropriate or prolonged administration of antimicrobial agents results in the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Particularly, prolonged use of empiric antimicrobial agents may lead to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the use and duration of antimicrobial administration in dental practice. The results showed that more than 80 ％ of prescriptions were for 3 days or less, with a decreasing trend in the number of prescriptions of cephalosporins, （particularly, the third-generation. In addition, there were an increasing number of prescriptions of penicillins. However, since the reduction rate of cephalosporins has not reached that reduction rate set forth in the Action Plan for AMR control, the hospital Infection Control Team （ICT） and Antimicrobial Stewardship Team （AST）, which are currently expected to carry out few interventions in dental practice, should significantly limit antimicrobial use and ensure the use of firstline drugs for treatment. The significance of these interventions in the dental field could be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An understanding of international dental education systems is critical for the education of foreign-trained dentists in U.S. dental programs. However, there is little information on this topic. This article provides information regarding 1) dental history, 2) dental school system, 3) curriculum/examination at dental school, and 4) dental licensure in India and Japan. There are 185 dental schools in India and twenty-nine in Japan. The number of first-year dental students is 12,872 and 2,647 in India and Japan, respectively. A five-year dental education, which includes 4,035 curriculum hours, leads to the B.D.S. degree in India, whereas a six-year dental education program, which includes 5,060 curriculum hours, leads to the D.D.S. degree in Japan. No undergraduate predental study is needed prior to entry into dental school in both countries. In India, the entrance examination is extremely competitive; however, there is no nationwide licensure examination. In Japan, dental schools use more sophisticated dental materials and equipment in the clinical phases of the curriculum than in India, but there is no clinical examination at the time of graduation. Several implications for U.S. dental programs for foreign-trained dentists with respect to screening applicants and curriculum development are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]