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Integrating renewable energy sources (RES) into power systems presents significant challenges due to their diverse nature and operational characteristics. This study addresses these challenges through an innovative strategy that simulates solar and wind farms, storage systems, fuel cell generators of hydrogen energy (via electrolysis), and hydrogen storage, all governed by an intelligent controller. Alongside a mathematical model defining the system's dynamics, a multi‐objective optimization model is employed, exploring the system's operational, financial, and environmental impacts. While the mathematical model has limitations, the advanced model captures the system's dynamic behavior with exceptional precision. This intelligent simulation simplifies the complex interrelationships between various resources in the system, highlighting the viability of RES integration for enhanced benefits. Multi‐objective optimization of a real case study of Iowa 240‐Bus power system in the Midwest United States has resulted in an annual savings of $126 147.8, along with a significant CO2 reduction of 951 035.6 kg compared with the basecase. The total annual energy costs, including capital costs and electricity sales, are reported to be $157 430.4, and the total annual CO2 emissions are −4453.8 kg. Financial indicators highlight an annual cost reduction of 10.3% and an annual emission reduction of 100.5%. The simple and detailed project break‐even years are 18 and 1, respectively, with the project savings to cost minimization scenario ratio at 1.04. The optimization process efficiently handled a complex problem involving 5921 iterations, 299 247 variables, 11 854 discrete variables, and 342 167 equations, completing the entire operation in 12.7 s. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates optimal carbon‐neutral power supply strategy in China up to 2060 with a multi‐region high spatial and temporal dynamic optimal power expansion planning model. Furthermore, this study explores installable potential of hydrogen and fuel cell system and analyzes the influences of its capital cost reduction at different levels. The results show that the national installed capacity would rise to be over 9000 GW in 2060, in which wind and solar PV will take up around 61%; the intermittency of renewable power generation is mainly managed with hydrogen production, power output curtailment and charge and discharge of energy storage; hydrogen and fuel cell system would improve the capacity factor and reduce the curtailment rate of renewable power generation. © 2023 The Authors. IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering published by Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) adopters need to continue their vehicle ownership in the subsequent years to achieve the HFCV-related targets set by the Japanese government. In this study, we explored the discontinuance rate of HFCV ownership through a questionnaire survey conducted among HFCV adopters in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, who were wanting to continue or discontinue their ownership. Results showed that the discontinuance rate was remarkably high. Approximately 50% of the private HFCV adopters, who purchased their vehicles between 2014 and 2020, wished to discontinue their HFCV ownership owing to factors such as driving range, vehicle performance, future viability, fuel tank safety, and density of stations. Furthermore, we showed that the discontinuance trend was correlated with the dissatisfaction of HFCV adopters with the driving range and future viability. As a result, they foresee a bleak future owing to the sparse refueling stations network and higher purchase price compared to other vehicle powertrains such as electric and hybrid vehicles. Therefore, to reduce the discontinuance rate and keep HFCVs in the market, Japanese stakeholders must address the concern of HFCV owners. • Discontinuance rate of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) ownership was investigated. • A questionnaire survey was conducted among HFCV adopters in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. • Results showed a remarkably high discontinuance rate of approximately 50%. • Range, performance, viability, safety, and station density were influencing factors. • Stakeholders need to address these concerns to reduce the discontinuance rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen has the highest gravimetric density (energy density per unit mass) of any fuel. The combustion of hydrogen releases energy in the form of heat. When hydrogen reacts with oxygen in a fuel cell, the reaction releases energy in the form of electricity. Unlike hydrocarbon-based fuels, the generation of energy from either the combustion of hydrogen or the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell is not accompanied by the emission of greenhouse gases. This makes hydrogen a promising solution to solve global warming issues. However, hydrogen has a low volumetric density (low energy density per unit volume) which makes storing or transporting hydrogen extremely difficult and expensive. To accelerate the utilization of hydrogen as an energy carrier, it is necessary to develop advanced hydrogen storage methods that have the potential to have a higher energy density. The hydrogen storage market is segmented by application into: (1) Stationary power: stored hydrogen is consumed for example in a fuel cell for use in backup power stations, refueling stations, power stations; (2) Portable power: hydrogen storage applications for electronic devices such as mobile phones, flash lights, and portable generators; and (3) Transportation: industries including automobiles, aerospace, unmanned aerial systems, and hydrogen tanks used throughout the hydrogen supply chain. The increasing development of light and heavy fuel cell vehicles is expected to drive the development of on-board solid-state hydrogen technologies. A large number of research groups worldwide for many years have been trying to develop materials having the right set of thermodynamic and kinetic properties, along with all of the physical properties (high gravimetric density, high volumetric density, etc.) to allow for low-pressure storage system in ambient conditions. However, to date, no material has been found that satisfies all the desired properties to be viably used in many applications. Even if we consider only three parameters namely gravimetric density, volumetric density, and system cost, no materials that can meet the ultimate targets of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) or the 2030 targets of the European Union's Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) and the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) in Japan. The present article reviews advances in solid-state hydrogen storage technology and compares the opportunities and challenges of selected materials. The materials reviewed in this article have a wider spectrum than the materials reviewed in other existing articles, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), graphene, boron nitride (BN), fullerene, silicon, amorphous manganese hydride molecular sieve, and metal hydrides. Pioneering works, important breakthroughs, as well as the latest developments for promising materials are also reviewed. In addition, for the first time the targets set by several official regulatory agencies for solid-state hydrogen storage are summarized. Achievements in academic and industrial research are compared against these targets. The future prospects of promising materials are analyzed based on how its practical application can be implemented according to market needs. • Review of wider spectrum of materials for solid-state hydrogen storage technology. • Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of hydrogen storage for onboard applications. • Pioneering, breakthroughs, latest works for solid-state hydrogen storage materials. • Summary of hydrogen storage targets by U.S. DOE, FCH JU Europe, and NEDO Japan. • Summary of physical-based and materials-based hydrogen storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can complement other electric vehicle technologies as a zero-emission technology and contribute to global efforts to achieve the emission reduction targets. This article spotlights the current deployment status of fuel cells in road transport. For this purpose, data collection was performed by the Advanced Fuel Cells Technology Collaboration Programme. Moreover, the available incentives for purchasing a fuel cell vehicle in different countries were reviewed and future perspectives summarized. Based on the collected information, the development trends in the last five years were analyzed and possible further trends that could see the realization of the defined goals derived. The number of registered vehicles was estimated to be 51,437 units, with South Korea leading the market, with 90% of the vehicles being concentrated in four countries. A total of 729 hydrogen refueling stations were in operation, with Japan having the highest number of these. The analysis results clearly indicate a very positive development trend for fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen refueling stations in 2021, with the highest number of new vehicles and stations in a single year, paralleling the year's overall economic recovery. Yet, a more ambitious ramp-up in the coming years is required to achieve the set targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As green hydrogen plays an increasingly pivotal role in shaping sustainable economies and society, understanding public acceptance of hydrogen becomes imperative for fostering social support towards hydrogen energy transitions. This study employs a survey-based structural equation modelling method to analyse public perceptions and acceptance of hydrogen technology, fuel cell vehicles, and refuelling infrastructure based on technology acceptance theory. The results highlight the positive impact of the perceived usefulness of hydrogen energy and refuelling stations on individual acceptance levels. A notable discovery reveals that perceived risk consequences significantly influence individuals' acceptance of nearby refuelling infrastructure, whereas perceived risk likelihood does not. Moreover, this study establishes psychological connections among diverse dimensions of hydrogen acceptance: technology acceptance is found to correlate positively with acceptance of refuelling infrastructure, indicating a pathway for cultivating public acceptance from cognitive to practical levels. The acceptance of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles exhibits mediating effects on this pathway, signifying mutual benefits for stakeholders in promoting hydrogen mobility and establishing refuelling infrastructure. [Display omitted] • Latest trends in multidimensional hydrogen acceptance in Japan. • Increased perceived usefulness enhances technology and infrastructure acceptance. • Perceived risk consequences diminish acceptance of hydrogen infrastructure. • Fuel cell vehicle adoption mediates technology and infrastructure acceptance. • Pathways for cultivating public acceptance from cognitive to practical levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the Paris Agreement in 2015, the worldwide focus on global warming countermeasures has intensified. The Japanese government has declared its aim at achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. The concept of zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) is based on measures to reduce energy consumption in buildings, the prospects of which are gradually increasing. This study investigated the annual primary energy consumption; as well as evaluated, renewed, and renovated buildings that had a solar power generation system, and utilized solar and geothermal heat. It further examines the prospects of hydrogen production from on-site surplus electricity and the use of hydrogen fuel cells. A considerable difference was observed between the actual energy consumption (213 MJ/m2), and the energy consumption estimated using an energy simulation program (386 MJ/m2). Considerable savings of energy were achieved when evaluated based on the actual annual primary energy consumption of a building. The building attained a near net zero-energy consumption considering the power generated from the photovoltaic system. The study showed potential energy savings in the building by producing hydrogen, using surplus electricity from on-site power generation, and introducing hydrogen fuel cells. It is projected that a building's energy consumption will be lowered by employing the electricity generated by the hydrogen fuel cell for standby power, water heating, and regenerating heat from the desiccant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing volumetric power density (VPD), for fuel cell vehicles or combined heat and power systems, has always been a determined desired goal. To give an idea, the present VPD = 5.5 kW L−1 for 2020 Toyota-MIRAI, is targeted to 9.0 kW L−1 by 2040 by Japan. The present research proposes that the conventional GDL + ribbed/channel setup, e.g. in parallel-serpentine (PS) bipolar-plates (BPPs), to be replaced by functionally graded porous material (FGPM) or variable-porosity metal-foam (VPMF) flow distributors. For the present comparative study, at cell current density 1 A/cm2, the fuel cell with FGPM flow-distributor provides over 80% enhancements in VPD, w.r.t. the PS cases. The enhancement is even higher at higher currents densities. The present manuscript contains three parts: (1) development of a novel protocol to design FGPMs for flow distributors. Through several examples, it has been shown that the designed FGPM reduces the flow resistances towards-, and from-the concave corner areas. Hence, flow can reach-to, and leave-from these corners effectively; (2) application of the noted FGPM protocol to fuel cells, in which a three-dimensional and two-phase computational fluid dynamics model has been used to compare the performances of the FGPM flow-distributors with conventional channel/ribbed PS cases; and finally (3) guidelines are proposed on how to manufacture the FGPM flow-distributor. The present model opens a new era in designing flow-distributors for FCs and can be applied to both graphite and metallic BPPs. [Display omitted] • Novel Functionally Graded Porous Material (FGPM) flow-distributor is designed for fuel cells (FC). • FGPM provides uniform flow velocity at each section from inlet-to-exit including the corners. • FGPM improves volumetric power density through volume reduction and power increase. • FC with FGPM flow distributor gives over 80% enhancements w.r.t. parallel-serpentine FC. • Manufacturing of FGPM or Variable Porosity Metal-Foam (VPMF) is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a load frequency control scheme in Renewable Energy Sources(RESs) power system by applying Model Predictive Control(MPC). The MPC is designed depending on the first model parameter and then investigate its performance on the second model to confirm its robustness and effectiveness over a wide range of operating conditions. The first model is 100% RESs system with Photovoltaic generation(PV), wind generation(WG), fuel cell, seawater electrolyzer, and storage battery. From the simulation results of the first case, it shows the control scheme is efficiency. And base on the good results of the first case study, to propose a second case using a 10-bus power system of Okinawa island, Japan, to verify the efficiency of proposed MPC control scheme again. In addition, in the second case, there also applied storage devices, demand-response technique and RESs output control to compensate the system frequency balance. Last, there have a detailed results analysis to compare the two cases simulation results, and then to Prospects for future research. All the simulations of this work are performed in Matlabr/Simulinkr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of hydrogen energy is important for achieving a low-carbon society. Japan has set ambitious goals for hydrogen stations and fuel cell vehicles, focusing on the introduction and dissemination of self-refueling systems. This paper evaluates public trust in the fuel, equipment, and self-handling technology related to self-refueling hydrogen stations and compares it with that for widespread gasoline stations. To this end, the results of an online survey of 300 people with Japanese driver licenses are reported and analyzed. The results show that trust in the equipment and self-handling is more important for the user than trust in the fuel. In addition, to introduce and disseminate new technology such as hydrogen stations, users must be made aware of the risk of using the technology until it becomes as familiar as existing gasoline station technology. • We surveyed user's trust in various aspects of hydrogen self-refueling stations. • Users were concerned about the complexity of gasoline and hydrogen dispensers. • Positive and negative opinions of hydrogen self-refueling technology were indicated. • Positive people may accept new technologies despite the risks. • Familiarity with technology is an important factor for improving acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a novel study of the differential total costs of ownership and marginal cost of life cycle emissions abatement for owners of both new and used light duty fuel cell and internal combustion engine vehicles in Japan. We find the emergence of used FCVs in the fleet significantly improves the economic and emissions savings over ICEVs. The cumulative life cycle GHG emissions reductions rapidly increase when FCVs exceed 55%–70% of total LDVs. Life cycle emissions in the vehicle fleet increase 40% if hydrogen is produced from SMR with CCS rather than from solar or wind based electrolysis. Fuel cell cost and electrolyser efficiency are key factors in achieving benefits. Finally, if the early time growth of FCVs to 2030 can be maintained near 50% the government 2050 emissions reduction target of 80% reduction from a 2013 base can be achieved. • Japan meets its Paris Accord commitment if the FCV growth rate to 2030 is near 50%. • Emissions reductions rapidly increase when FCVs are more than 55%–70% of LDVs. • Used FCVs significantly improve both economic and environmental savings over ICEVs. • SMR with CCS can increase life cycle fleet emissions as much as 40%. • Fuel cell cost and electrolyser efficiency are key factors in achieving benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the inauguration of the world's largest green hydrogen facility, the Government of Japan is steadily advancing towards its goal of transforming into a hydrogen-based society, but the lack of interest in adopting hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) among consumers is noticeable. This study examines the socioeconomic profiles of 500 potential car buyers with and without interest in HFCVs. The results show that the potential early adopters of HFCVs exhibit similar trends of sex, employment status, number of people in the households, weekly distance traveled, and frequency of using expressways that influence their decision. They have a significant variance in income, previous battery electric vehicle (BEV) experiences, and knowledge of HFCVs. The results suggest that knowledge of HFCVs and related technologies, and previous experience in driving BEVs encourage respondents to purchase HFCVs. The study suggests that the greater awareness of HFCV can assist policymakers in the successful market adoption. • Interest in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in Japan is investigated. • Profiles of 500 potential car buyers with and without interest are explored. • Potential adopters know vehicle price, incentives and refueling infrastructure more. • They have experienced battery electric vehicles, and interest in new technology. • Awareness of related technologies can promote successful market adoption of HFCVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact on the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction when fossil-fueled ICE gasoline, diesel and natural gas vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are banned in a step-by-step manner from 2035. We examine the impact of vehicle bans on life cycle GHG emissions and on the marginal cost (MC) of emissions reduction using four different scenarios defined by hydrogen production method, renewable energy share, and infrastructure development for refueling stations. The vehicle penetration and the fuel demand are determined by a consumer choice model characterized by a multinomial logit algorithm. Our analysis found that vehicle bans significantly promote battery electric vehicles (BEVs) for mini-sized vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) for light and heavy-duty vehicles. A vehicle ban that excludes BEVs and FCVs from 2035 under an enhanced infrastructure plan can reduce the life cycle GHG emissions as much as 438 million tonnes by 2060 compared to the 2017 level. The MC of the life cycle GHG mitigation decreases continuously and reaches as low as $482 per tonne CO2eq in 2060. However, if PHEVs are excluded from the ban, the life cycle GHG emissions are reduced more by 88 Mt-CO2eq in 2060 at a lower MC of $122 per tonne CO2eq. This is due to decreases in GHG emissions from VP where the replacement of PHEVs for BEVs and FCVs reduces the production of batteries and fuel cells. The main structure of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Great East Japan Earthquake, energy security and vulnerability have become critical issues facing the Japanese energy system. The integration of renewable energy sources to meet specific regional energy demand is a promising scenario to overcome these challenges. To this aim, this paper proposes a novel hydrogen-based hybrid renewable energy system (HRES), in which hydrogen fuel can be produced using both the methods of solar electrolysis and supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of biomass feedstock. The produced hydrogen is considered to function as an energy storage medium by storing renewable energy until the fuel cell converts it to electricity. The proposed HRES is used to meet the electricity demand load requirements for a typical household in a selected residential area located in Shinchi-machi in Fukuoka prefecture, Japan. The techno-economic assessment of deploying the proposed systems was conducted, using an integrated simulation-optimization modeling framework, considering two scenarios: (1) minimization of the total cost of the system in an off-grid mode and (2) maximization of the total profit obtained from using renewable electricity and selling surplus solar electricity to the grid, considering the feed-in-tariff (FiT) scheme in a grid-tied mode. As indicated by the model results, the proposed HRES can generate about 47.3 MWh of electricity in all scenarios, which is needed to meet the external load requirement in the selected study area. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the system in scenarios 1 and 2 was estimated at 55.92 JPY/kWh and 56.47 JPY/kWh, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degradation phenomena of electrocatalysts for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells and their mechanisms are reviewed. Platinum dissolution and redeposition, carbon-support corrosion, inhomogeneity during start-up and cell reversal are discussed as factors that influence the degradation of electrocatalysts with relation to electrode potential. Early research findings at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan, are mainly used as a basis of discussion. The development of highly durable electrocatalysts using an oxide support based on the results of degradation studies to suppress electrocatalyst degradation is summarized with a main focus on Pt-deposited Ti4O7 catalysts developed at AIST. The development of high-CO-concentration durable anode electrocatalysts is also reviewed. In particular, an electrocatalyst that uses an organic complex as a co-electrocatalyst with a platinum ruthenium alloy anode electrocatalyst developed at AIST is included as a novel high-CO-concentration durable anode electrocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed energy resources (DERs) such as residential fuel cell combined heat and power systems, air conditioners, or energy storage systems are expected to contribute to energy savings and power system operations. Additional energy savings could be achieved by using high-efficiency equipment with optimized control by energy management systems (EMSs). Both electricity and hot water demand data are needed to optimize the DER operation. An EMS realizes optimal operation by prediction, planning, and real-time operation. Accumulating basic data on electricity and hot water demand is essential for the development of prediction methods needed for EMS. Energy demand is related to the activity patterns of residents, which vary according to factors such as the number of people at home and what they do there. The purpose of this study was to accumulate electricity and hot water demand data from residential dwellings, and then analyze the data to obtain useful knowledge for demand prediction to apply to an EMS. For 4 years, detailed measurements of electricity and hot water demand were made at an apartment building. Differences between weekdays, weekends, and holidays; differences among households; frequency of bathtub use; and variations of activity patterns by year were analyzed. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology learning rates can be dynamic quantities as a technology moves from early development to piloting and from low volume manufacturing to high volume manufacturing. This work describes a generalizable technology analysis approach for disaggregating observed technology cost reductions and presents results of this approach for one specific case study (micro-combined heat and power fuel cell systems in Japan). We build upon earlier reports that combine discussion of fuel cell experience curves and qualitative discussion of cost components by providing greater detail on the contributing mechanisms to observed cost reductions, which were not quantified in earlier reports. Greater standardization is added to the analysis approach, which can be applied to other technologies. This paper thus provides a key linkage that has been missing from earlier literature on energy-related technologies by integrating the output of earlier manufacturing cost studies with observed learning rates to quantitatively estimate the different components of cost reduction including economies of scale and cost reductions due to product performance and product design improvements. This work also provides updated fuel cell technology price versus volume trends from the California Self-Generation Incentive Program, including extensive data for solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) reported here for the first time. The Japanese micro-CHP market is found to have a learning rate of 18% from 2005 to 2015, while larger SOFC fuel cell systems (200 kW and above) in the California market are found to have a flat (near-zero) learning rate, and these are attributed to a combination of exogenous, market, and policy factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japan may be the least likely country to start a revolution, but its new energy policy, if implemented successfully, will revolutionize Japan’s economy, society, and energy infrastructure. The new energy policy calls for the creation of a “hydrogen society” in which citizens will use hydrogen as their primary energy source. Hydrogen fuel would be produced from renewable sources and used to generate electricity at home and to power vehicles via fuel cells. The policy came into force in April 2015 and will guide Japan’s energy development for the next 25 years and perhaps beyond. The new policy is a determined response to the twin disasters faced on March 11, 2011, when Japan was struck by a Magnitude 9 earthquake and then a catastrophic tsunami, which devastated Japan’s economy, energy security, and environmental well-being. The new energy policy would substantially reduce Japan’s dependence on nuclear power as well as oil and gas-fired thermal power plants and would greatly strengthen the development of fuel cell systems that use hydrogen. Implemented in three broad phases over several decades, the policy would promote the development of fuel cells that are less costly, more efficient, and more durable, and it would develop hydrogen production, storage, and transport as well as fueling systems to support the widespread use of fuel cells. Over the long term, the hydrogen society could be integrated into Japan’s concept of a “smart community” that uses digital technologies and information and communication technologies to more efficiently generate and regulate the use of power. This paper examines how Japan laid the policy and legal framework in the 1990s to promote fuel cell and hydrogen development, compares Japan’s investment and policy strategies to those in the United States and the European Union, identifies the challenges Japan will face in broadly establishing a hydrogen society, assesses the potential economic benefits it might enjoy if the hydrogen society policy succeeds, and recommends that the new energy policy be more fully integrated with other initiatives to promote economic growth, more efficient communities, and a cleaner environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We examine systemic barriers hampering the diffusion of fuel cell electric vehicles in three influential markets. • Common barriers occur in vehicle production, refuelling infrastructure, vehicle demand and institutions. • Unique barriers are station reliability in California, their profitability in Germany and Japan and political support in Germany and California. • Barriers are frequently perceived in relation to the faster diffusion of battery electric vehicles. • We suggest implications for theory and practice based on findings. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) are diffusing slowly, well below historical expectations and government targets. To elucidate key factors that may explain this sluggish growth, we identify barriers in three influential markets: Germany, Japan and California. Combining data from 59 interviews and secondary documents, we examine each market from four dimensions: (i) vehicle production, (ii) supporting infrastructure, (iii) vehicle demand, and (iv) institutions. Findings reveal a web of systemic and self-reinforcing barriers hampering market formation in all four dimensions. We also find that stakeholders perceive FCEV market barriers in relation to competing technologies; namely battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Faster market growth and lower hurdles for BEVs are thereby raising the relative barriers for FCEVs, further hampering the latter's deployment potential. Findings thus reveal the importance of considering interactions between different technological systems when studying diffusion. They also provide valuable hints for industry and government to confront these systemic barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia is a renewable energy medium appropriate for distant trading; therefore, many countries and companies have formulated ambitious strategies to develop energy transitions to use green ammonia for transportation systems. However, the associated social, economic and environmental impacts, and the overall viability and sustainability of these transitions are still a mystery, because of the lack of sufficiently complicated evaluations. To fill this gap, an integrated life cycle assessment and emergy evaluation (LCA-EME) method was developed and applied to synthesize, compare and recognize the hotspot nodes of resource depletion, emissions and impacts, and to quantify the exploitation and utilization efficiencies, environmental loadings and sustainability of the Australia-Japan telecoupling of wind power-based ammonia for electric vehicles (EV) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV) used for passenger transportation, compared with two fossil fuel-based EV transportation systems. The results revealed that the transition to ammonia-based fuels can reduce nonrenewable energy consumption by >29.64% and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by >10.00%; however, the demand for emergy resources >2.03 times and biotic endpoint impacts >1.56 times, both of which mainly occurred in the sending subsystem of the telecoupling interaction. The results highlighted the necessity of internalizing the 'external' resource stress and its biotic impacts, increasing the utilization efficiency and the recycling rate of minerals and fresh water, and decreasing the endpoint impacts to guarantee the sustainability of the telecoupled energy transitions. Integrated LCA-EME was confirmed as a valuable tool for handling complex, multi-nodal nexus problems of telecoupling, which is widely needed for energy transition strategy making. • This is an "energy-water-material-emission-impact" multi-nodal nexus study of green ammonia. • The study is the first application of the telecoupling framework in energy conversions. • Conversion from fossil fuel to green ammonia can reduce GHG emissions but it increases potential biotic impacts. • Conversion from fossil fuel to green ammonia increases endpoint impacts in the sending area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North American container handling crane manufacturer PACECO and Mitsui E&S Machinery (MES-M) in Japan are developing a hydrogen fuel cell powered Rubber-Tired-Gantry (RTG) crane for use in ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German-based SFC Energy has received an order for 48 EFOY Pro direct methanol fuel cell systems, to be delivered to a leading Chinese wind energy company. SFC is also extending its partnership with Toyota Tsusho Corporation in Japan, which will be SFC's exclusive partner for promoting and selling its hydrogen and methanol fuel cell products in all industrial and civilian markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Reducing the rates of nuclear power generation for all electric power sources has been seriously discussed in Japan since the accident at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant in March 2011. Thus, the distributed power supply is expected to expand. The local production of safe and clean energy for local consumption is greatly needed in Japan. In this paper, the Saroma Lake green microgrid (SLMG), a fuel cell microgrid using tidal power generation and photovoltaics, has been planned. Energy balance equations were used to investigate this system's method of operation. Further simulated analysis of the facility, its operation cost, and the electric power quality of the network were conducted using MATLAB/Simulink, and the relationships among the capacity of a facility, the cost, and supply rate of green energy and the electric power quality (interphase voltage, frequency, and higher harmonic wave) of the power network were clarified. The total projected cost of the equipment and operation for introducing the proposed SLMG is ¥1,500,000,000/10 years. Increasing the supply rate of green energy and reducing the facility cost will require the introduction of biofuels and the reduction of the facility costs of solid oxide fuel cells in the SLMG. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Despite intensive public and private research efforts into developing fuel cell vehicles (FCV), the global number of FCV remains small and they are unavailable for commercial purchase. We use an in-depth literature review, and bibliometric and patent analysis to analyse FCV technology within the conceptual framework of Rogers'' innovation diffusion curve and suggest how the particular innovation systems and policies adopted in three key Asian car-manufacturing countries (Japan, Korea, and China) have influenced the development of FCV. Such analysis may capture trends not indicated by technical measures such as increases in efficiency or decreases in unit cost. Although Japan continues to lead in terms of number of patents and quality of academic research, Korea and China have been successful in developing fuel cell programs. Korean academics patent more frequently than their Japanese and Chinese peers, producing 18% of FC patents, with 16% of those filed also naming a private company. The 2008 financial crisis and ongoing economic uncertainty appears to have had some effect on patent activity whilst academic research appears unaffected. Diffusion curve analysis suggests that FCVs have not reached technological maturity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: After the Fukushima nuclear plant accident, Japan is facing an unprecedented situation with its energy supply. This paper provides an overview of Japan’s current energy landscape with descriptions of the kinds and production of energy. Since it is inevitable that the use of nuclear energy will decrease, we shall propose a best mix of electric sources of the large-scale and centralized network as well as the decentralized network as an alternative. The hub for this proposal is regional power centers (RPC) to control the electric supply as well as fuel transportation and storage on an area-by-area basis. As technologies that will realize this power center, we will discuss fuel cells, hydrogen production and storage and furthermore, the potential of CCS, which is requisite technology for carbon dioxide emissions reduction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Since the 1970s, Japan has been regarded as an exemplar in technological development and its national approach recommended to governments in the USA and Europe. Hence, when Japan initiated a structured, strategic programme to develop alternative and renewable energy (RE) technologies in the 1970s, success would have been expected. Yet, despite focused Government support and the involvement of major firms, the installed capacity of RE technology in 2010 remains low. This paper reviews Japanese research, development and deployment activities in wind, solar photovoltaics and fuel cell technologies, identifying sectoral-specific constraints arising from a combination of poor management of regulation, lack of risk capital, ineffective advocacy coalitions, lack of an independent technical authority and limited communication of learning. These are fundamental weaknesses in Japanese institutions and failures in four of the eight technological innovation systems functions necessary for successful commercialisation. We conclude that Japan's exemplar image is not justified in the energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper discusses Toyota's, Honda's and Nissan's efforts in battery, hybrid, and fuel cell electric vehicles (BEVs, HEVs and FCVs). Its aim is to increase understanding of the process constituting a paradigmatic shift in technology. In particular, the paper aims to elucidate how automakers managed their early moves. Based on interviews, patent data and previous literature, key aspects relating to the automakers successful early moves into vehicle electrification (as seen in 2010) are outlined. Toyota's (and Honda's) aim of in-house knowledge development in the new technologies is among the aspects emphasised as distinctive compared to other world automakers. Furthermore, spill-over in terms of branding and sales and a deliberate development of the corporate culture are proposed as potential new first-mover objectives and consequences. Finally, this paper argues that Toyota, Honda and Nissan are capable of not only incremental but also more-than-incremental innovations, as illustrated by their position in the electrification race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Japan as a proxy for a developed nation, we investigated the role of existing and nascent technologies in curbing carbon emissions. We simulated possible pathways to meeting 2030 and 2050 emission targets within the Japanese electricity supply sector using a single-region model in The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System (TIMES). Critically, our simulations incorporate novel technologies like hydrogen electrolysers, carbon capture, photochemical water splitting, and emerging photovoltaic cells, assess long-term impacts up to the year 2100, and include life-cycle emissions and learning curves for parameters such as investment cost, efficiency, and emission coefficients. Results indicate that a hybrid approach, using nuclear power and hydrogen from renewable energy-based electrolysis, is cost-effective and provides long-term emission reduction along with energy security. Nuclear, wind, solar, and hydrogen from renewables emerge as key emission reduction technologies, while natural gas with carbon capture plays a minor role in achieving emission reduction targets. • Identifies potential transition pathways for Japan using multiple technologies. • Simulations to the year 2100 identify post-2050 impacts of a stabilising transition. • Dynamic simulations use learning curves for cost and emissions. • Sensitivity analysis identifies key parameters, thresholds, and trade-offs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions (Toshiba ESS) in Japan has installed an H2Rex™ pure hydrogen fuel cell system at Michinoeki-Namie (Roadside Station Namie) in Fukushima Prefecture. The 3.5 kW unit will generate electricity to power lights and air-conditioning for part of the facilities, with 'waste' heat used to produce hot water for hand washing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toyota Motor Corporation and Honda R&D Co Ltd in Japan have developed a mobile power generation/output system, called 'Moving e', comprising a fuel cell electric bus that can carry a large amount of hydrogen in addition to portable external power output devices and batteries. The partners are starting demonstration testing this month of the system's ability to deliver electricity anytime and anywhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Japan, Tokuyama Corporation and Toyota Motor Corporation have commenced verification tests, using by-product hydrogen, of a 50 kW stationary fuel cell generator that features the PEMFC system developed for the Mirai fuel cell electric vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Japan, Honda R&D Co Ltd – an R&D subsidiary of Honda Motor Co Ltd – has signed an agreement with Isuzu Motors Ltd, to undertake joint research on fuel cell powered heavy-duty trucks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tokyo Gas has inaugurated the Toyosu Hydrogen Station in the waterfront district of Koto City, Tokyo, which is the first facility in Japan capable of supplying hydrogen for fuel cell buses, and also produced from carbon-neutral city gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cell developer myFC has signed an agreement for technology development and integration with a global – but not yet named – leader in bicycle and e-bicycle systems in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swedish micro fuel cell company myFC has received an order for an undisclosed number of hydrogen fuel cell systems for the electromobility sector from its Japanese distribution partner Lightec Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panasonic in Japan will demonstrate an 'RE100 solution' that supplies 100% of the electricity consumed in business activities from renewable energy sources, using an in-house power generation system combining pure hydrogen fuel cell generators and solar photovoltaic (PV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many types of fuel cells such as the PAFC (phosphoric acid fuel cell), MCFC (molten carbonate fuel cell), SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) and PEFC (polymer electrolyte fuel cell) have been developed for utility use in Japan. Among them, the PAFC is now in the ‘plant’ stage. Several MW class large-capacity demonstration plant and many smaller-capacity units have been constructed and tested for the purpose of evaluation on their efficiency, operability and durability. Those MW class plants are expected to be used as an urban energy centre or a cogeneration system. Smaller units are installed for many kinds of applications such as in hospitals, hotels, restaurants, etc. Efficient performance of fuel cell power plant has been demonstrated by those PAFC plants and units. In addition, the possibility of higher efficiency is indicated by other fuel cells in their stack level, and MCFC plant is under construction to demonstrate its performance. In the next stages, it will be required to demonstrate superior durability and cost perspective in comparison with a conventional power generation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese industrial boiler manufacturer Miura Co Ltd will launch its FC-5B fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) system in October, featuring intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell technology developed by UK-based Ceres Power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Technology development must be aligned with key trends in decarbonization. • Costs reductions are needed. We rank options by value and feasibility. • Reduction in fuel cell component costs is essential to commercial success. • Fuel cell cost reductions are most important. • Innovations in systems design and materials can also reduce cost. Does generation of zero-carbon electricity from coal make sense for a decarbonized grid? Coal-based integrated gasification fuel cell systems with CO 2 capture have the potential to participate in future decarbonized power grids. Over the next decade, such systems are scheduled to progress from a conceptual scheme to its first demonstration projects in China and Japan. A key issue in the long-term viability of the technology will be reducing costs so they are competitive against other forms of zero-carbon electricity; in addition, the systems must be able to operate as part of low carbon grids. We systematically evaluate the major on-going research directions, and rank them according to their economic potential, degree of technical challenge, and possible synergies with other efforts to transition to low-carbon energy systems worldwide. Our analysis indicates that the most promising pathway to making integrated gasification fuel cell technologies cost-competitive against other forms of low-carbon electricity is co-deployment of solid oxide fuel cell technologies in integrated gasification fuel cell cycle and distributed energy applications to expand the scale of production to a level that benefits both areas. Other avenues based on system optimization or improvements in fuel cell performance or degradation through materials development can help, but cannot by themselves deliver cost-competitive electricity absent an order of magnitude reduction in the cost of solid oxide fuel cell components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UK-based Intelligent Energy, a manufacturer of lightweight PEM fuel cell power modules for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, or drones), has added a new regulator valve to its growing UAV product line-up, to enable safe transportation of full hydrogen cylinders. The company has also signed a distribution agreement with Teijin, for the sale of IE-Lift™ hydrogen fuel cells in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SOFC triple combined-cycle power plant and large-scale photovoltaics is modeled. • Proposal microgrid with SOFC triple combined cycle was applied to Kitami, Japan. • Analysis result of sample model suggested large-scale photovoltaics rate of 19.6% • Model of a flywheel and battery was introduced into power variation of the microgrid. • Acceptable proportion of rated LPV capacity is 4.5% without energy storage solutions. Although the power supply by SOFC triple combined cycle can expect the gross thermal efficiency of 60% or more, the performance regarding stabilization of fluctuation electricity by renewable energy is not known. A case study of an independent microgrid supplied by a solid-oxide fuel cell triple combined-cycle power plant and large-scale photovoltaics is modeled to find the optimal specifications of energy storage and inertial components to provide stable power while maximizing the share of power generated from renewable resources. The combined-cycle generation plant with a fuel cell and turbines increases the inertial constant of the power-generation network so that the network can absorb fluctuations in supply and demand. The numerical model, which considers environmental factors and cost projections, allows designers to find the optimal distribution of fuel supplied to each component of the combined-cycle plant to allow maximum deployment of photovoltaics. In initial tests, the model suggests that the optimal proportion of photovoltaics in the microgrid's generation mix is 19.6%. This model also included energy storage solutions in the form of electric batteries and flywheels. The microgrid is also modeled for deployment in northern Japan's Kitami region, which has relatively high heat demand due to the cold climate. In this case, the acceptable proportion of rated capacity of large-scale photovoltaics is only 14.5% of the microgrid's generation mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Japan, Toyota Motor Corporation and its commercial vehicles subsidiary Hino Motors are partnering with Seven-Eleven Japan, FamilyMart and Lawson to jointly consider introducing light-duty fuel cell electric trucks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]