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Aiming at the problem of calculation speed for distribution transformer on‐line fault diagnosis, and the shortage of on‐line monitoring type and routine test data, an on‐line fault diagnosis model of distribution transformer based on parallel big data stream and transfer learning is established. First, the fault identification feasibility based on the present on‐line monitoring data of distribution transformer is analyzed, and the main indicators of on‐line fault identification are proposed. Second, the on‐line fault identification method based on ARIMA is proposed, on this basis, the on‐line fault identification model of distribution transformer based on big data stream is established, and the distribution transformers that possess hidden fault are selected, which would be diagnosed further. In order to improve the efficiency, the model is completed on Storm platform in parallel form. Then, the distribution transformer fault diagnosis indicator system is construct. In order to achieve fault diagnosis of the above selected distribution transformers, the effective fault information from other distribution transformers is extracted using the transfer learning algorithm TrAdaBoost, which is used as auxiliary data for the fault diagnosis tool training of the distribution transformer to be diagnosed. At the same time, the model is completed on Storm platform to improve the efficiency. Finally, based on the distribution transformer fault data, the distribution transformer fault diagnosis is simulated, and results show that the fault diagnosis is accurate and efficient. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airborne bacteria are widespread as a major proportion of bioaerosols, and their coexistence with dust particles enables both bacteria and dust particles to be more active in ice cloud formation and to be harmful to public health. However, the abundance and viability of particle-attached and free-floating bacteria in dusty air have not been quantitatively investigated. We researched this subject based on the fact that airborne bacterial cells are approximately 1 µ m or smaller in aerodynamic diameter; therefore, particle-attached bacteria should occur in aerosol samples of particles larger than 1 µ m, and free-floating bacteria should occur among particles smaller than 1 µ m. Our observations at a coastal site in Japan in spring, when the westerlies frequently transported dust from the Asian continent, revealed that particle-attached bacteria in dust episodes, at the concentration of 3.2±2.1×105 cells m -3 on average, occupied 72±9 % of the total bacteria. In contrast, the fraction was 56±17 % during nondusty periods, and the concentration was 1.1±0.7×105 cells m -3. The viability, defined as the ratio of viable cells to total cells, of particle-attached bacteria was 69±19 % in dust episodes and 60±22 % during nondusty periods on average, both of which were considerably lower than the viabilities of free-floating bacteria (about 87 %) under either dusty or nondusty conditions. The presented cases suggest that dust particles carried substantial amounts of bacteria on their surfaces, more than half of which were viable, and spread these bacteria through the atmosphere. This implies that dust and bacteria have important roles as internally mixed assemblages in cloud formation and in linking geographically isolated microbial communities, as well as possibly having a synergistic impact on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the destination image and behaviours of marathon participants with different levels of behavioural running involvement. This study focused on the Kyoto Marathon in Japan. The survey was conducted on marathon participants. The data of marathon participants was obtained through the Kyoto Marathon 2017 runner survey website. The participants were classified into two groups by cluster analysis – those with high running involvement and those with low running involvement using their experience of marathon events and running history variables. A comprehensive destination image scale was used to assess the practical implications of a sport event. MANOVA and ANOVA were used to test the influence of running involvement on a marathon participant's destination image perceptions, place attachment, satisfaction and behavioural intentions. These results do not support the role of sport involvement in terms of the key-dependent variables of the study, namely place identity and dependence, intentions to participate in the event again and destination image perceptions. However, the influence of destination image factors and event satisfaction were still evident in their ability to predict sport event tourist intentions to revisit a sport event that is held in the same destination every year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance and viability of bacterial cells in rainwater at a suburban site in southwestern Japan between October 2014 and September 2015 were measured and their distinctiveness, according to synoptic weather systems, i.e., cyclones (cold fronts), stationary fronts (including Meiyu and non-Meiyu fronts) and typhoons, was examined. On average, the cell concentration of bacteria in the rainwater was 2.3 ± 1.5 × 10 4 cells mL −1 , and bacterial viability, the ratio of viable cells to total cells, was 80 ± 10%. In the rainwater of cyclones when clouds were induced by the intrusion of continental air, the bacterial concentration was higher (3.5 ± 1.6 × 10 4 cells mL −1 ) and the viability was lower (75 ± 8%) than in the rainwater of other types. In the rainwater of Meiyu fronts and typhoons when clouds were significantly influenced by marine air, bacterial concentrations were 1.5 ± 0.5 × 10 4 and 1.2 ± 0.3 × 10 4 cells mL −1 , and bacterial viabilities were 84 ± 7% and 85 ± 7%, respectively. In the rainwater of non-Meiyu stationary fronts, the bacterial concentration was 2.4 ± 1.6 × 10 4 cells mL −1 , and the viability was 78 ± 14%. Abundant bacteria were associated with ions nss-SO 4 2− , nss-Ca 2+ , and NO 3 − in rainwater, but bacterial concentrations did not correlate with the ratios of airborne particle concentrations to the precipitation amounts. Further investigations with correlation and principal component analysis combining bacteria and ion species revealed that bacteria in the rainwater were likely enclosed in clouds at the stage of cloud formation in addition to below-cloud removal, and bacteria involved in the rainwater did not show confirmable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patent litigations are essential measures to maximize returns from research and development. Although major countries have promoted pro-patent policies, there are significant differences in patent infringement awards among jurisdictions. This article comparatively analyzes determinants of patent infringement awards in the US, Japan, and China using 880 court decisions between 2000 and 2014. We find that Japan's judges attach more weight to a litigated patent's technological importance, whereas judges in the US and China prioritize its private economic value. Besides, damages ruled by US juries are almost unpredictable, while judges provide the most predictable decisions. We also find that the jury system can explain both the variation in the US patent infringement awards and the difference with awards in Japan, but the treble damage system can only explain the former. These results provide novel empirical evidence for public policy debates on patent protection and practical insights for intellectual property professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Size-differentiated concentration of bacterial aerosols is essential for investigating their dissemination via the atmosphere. In this study, the number size distribution of bacterial aerosols was measured at a coastal site in southwestern Japan (32.324°N, 129.993°E) using a size-segregated eight-stage (>11, 7.0-11, 4.7-7.0, 3.3-4.7, 2.1-3.3, 1.1-2.1, 0.65-1.1, and 0.43-0.65μm) sampler. The results showed that the distribution differed according to the source areas: terrestrial air, oceanic air, or a combination of the two. The distribution in the long-distance transported terrestrial air from the Asian continent was monomodal, with a peak of 3.3-4.7 μm. The distribution in local land breeze air was bimodal, with the peaks at 0.43-1.1 and 3.3-4.7 μm. A similar bimodal distribution was encountered when the local island air and long-distance transported terrestrial air mixed. In contrast, the size distribution did not show clear peaks in the air from either nearby or remote marine areas. According to the air mass backward trajectories, the further the distance the air moved in the 72 h before arriving at the site, the lower the concentration of total bacterial aerosols. The estimation of dry deposition fluxes of bacterial cells showed that the deposition was dominated by cells larger than 1.1 μm with a relative contribution from 70.5 % to 93.7 %, except for the local land breeze cases, where the contributions in the size ranges larger and smaller than 1.1 μm were similar. These results show the distinctive number size distributions and removal processes of bacterial aerosols in different types of air. In addition, they indicate that size-dependent characteristics of airborne bacteria should be considered when studying their activities and roles in the atmospheric environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The study aims to comprehensively assess the profiles of myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) in Chinese patients with polymyositis (PM)/dermatomyositis (DM) and compare them with a Japanese cohort. One hundred forty-five Chinese patients (68 classic DM, 25 clinically amyopathic DM [CADM], and 52 PM) and 165 Japanese patients (56 classic DM, 52 CADM, and 57 PM) were recruited. MSAs were measured with immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or immunoprecipitation-immunoblotting. MSA frequencies were compared. The overall frequency of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibodies was significantly higher in the Chinese patients than in the Japanese cohort (36.6 % [53/145] versus 15.8 % [26/165], respectively, P < 0.001), whereas the frequencies of anti-signal recognition particle (SRP) antibodies (1.4 % [2/145] versus 7.9 % [13/165], respectively, P = 0.008) and anti-aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase (anti-ARS) antibodies (27.6 % [40/145] versus 40 % [66/165], respectively, P = 0.02,) were significantly lower. The significantly lower frequency of anti-ARS antibodies and significantly higher frequency of anti-MDA5 antibodies in the Chinese patients were observed in the classic DM subset (14.7 % [10/68] versus 46.4 % [26/56], respectively, P < 0.001, and 45.6 % [31/68] versus 5.4 % [3/56], respectively, P < 0.001) and CADM subset (8.0 % [2/25] versus 28.8 % [15/52], respectively, P = 0.04, and 88.0 % [22/25] versus 44.2 % [23/52], respectively, P = 0.0002), but not in the PM subset. The first detailed profile of MSAs in Chinese patients with PM/DM was established. The differences in MSA frequencies in the Chinese cohort and Japanese cohort suggest underlying genetic and/or environmental differences between these two populations. Key Messages • A significantly higher frequency of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibodies was observed in Chinese patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) than in Japanese patients. • Our findings suggest that distinct genetic and/or local environmental factors affect Chinese and Japanese patients with PM/DM, who have been considered a "homogeneous" population in previous studies.

Recent evidence from several relatively small nested case-control studies in prospective cohorts shows an association between longer telomere length measured phenotypically in peripheral white blood cell (WBC) DNA and increased lung cancer risk. We sought to further explore this relationship by examining a panel of seven telomere-length associated genetic variants in a large study of 5,457 never-smoking female Asian lung cancer cases and 4,493 never-smoking female Asian controls using data from a previously reported genome-wide association study. Using a group of 1,536 individuals with phenotypically measured telomere length in WBCs in the prospective Shanghai Women's Health study, we demonstrated the utility of a genetic risk score (GRS) of seven telomere-length associated variants to predict telomere length in an Asian population. We then found that GRSs used as instrumental variables to predict longer telomere length were associated with increased lung cancer risk (OR = 1.51 (95% CI = 1.34-1.69) for upper vs. lower quartile of the weighted GRS, p value = 4.54 × 10(-14) ) even after removing rs2736100 (p value = 4.81 × 10(-3) ), a SNP in the TERT locus robustly associated with lung cancer risk in prior association studies. Stratified analyses suggested the effect of the telomere-associated GRS is strongest among younger individuals. We found no difference in GRS effect between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell subtypes. Our results indicate that a genetic background that favors longer telomere length may increase lung cancer risk, which is consistent with earlier prospective studies relating longer telomere length with increased lung cancer risk., (Published 2014. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain of the United States of America.)