1. Bifunctional mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis regulations in melanoma from Bacillus subtilis natto fermentation extract.
- Author
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Chou HY, Liu LH, Chen CY, Lin IF, Ali D, Yueh-Luen Lee A, and David Wang HM
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacillus subtilis chemistry, Cell Line, Cell Survival drug effects, Fermentation, Fibroblasts, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic drug effects, Humans, Japan, Mice, Soy Foods, Glycine max metabolism, Apoptosis drug effects, Autophagy drug effects, Bacillus subtilis physiology, Melanoma drug therapy
- Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most dangerous malignant epidermal cancers. Natto freeze-drying extract (NFDE) and natto water extract (NWE) were isolated from natto, soybeans fermented by Bacillus subtilis natto, which were assessed as potential anti-melanoma agents. Cell cytotoxicity assays revealed significant anti-melanoma effects of NFDE and NWE in a dose-dependent manner, and exhibited low influences on normal skin cells, including Hs68, HaCaT and adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs), respectively. Through a flow cytometer assay and autophagy acridine orange staining, the cellular death phenomenon shifted from autophagy to apoptosis with the increased dosages. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were enhanced using DCFDA (2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) staining when melanoma cells were treated with the extract. NFDE and NWE treatments increase the oxidative stress of cancer cells and cause apoptosis by inhibiting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). NFDE and NWE were considered to play a critical role in cell death through ROS adjustment, autophagy regulation and apoptosis promotion., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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