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Curriculum reform is an important part of the reform and development of education. The development of curriculum reform has focused on the international trend of students' key competencies, which have three patterns in current major countries: those set outside the curriculum independently in America, those in the curriculum in Finland and those reflected by the curriculum content in Japan. Curriculum systems based on students' key competencies in our country should contain at least four parts, that is, specific education objectives, content standards, teaching suggestions and quality standards, of which the first and the last have the function of reflection whereas the other two the promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inter-individual variation in the severity of pneumoconiosis has been described, even with the same environmental exposure. We hypothesized that TNF-alpha promoter polymorphisms associate with lung responses to environmental exposure in coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP) patients., Methods: We examined polymorphisms at -238, -308, and -376 in 124 patients with CWP who had similar dust exposure history and in 122 non-exposed controls. CWP patients were divided into two groups: (1) nodular CWP (n = 84); (2) progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) (n = 44)., Results: The -308 A allele frequency was higher in patients with CWP compared to controls (6.35% and 2.05%, P < 0.01). It was also higher in patients with nodular CWP compared to PMF (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with the -308 A allele were 3.8 times (P = 0.036) and those with smoking habit were 2.3 times (P < 0.002) more likely to have nodular CWP than PMF., Conclusion: TNF-alpha-308 A allele might interact with smoking to enhance susceptibility to nodular CWP., (Published 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)