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Background: Malaria is still one of the major infectious diseases affecting human health, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has attached special importance to malaria-related technical training for its global elimination efforts. The Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases (JIPD), designated as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Malaria Elimination, has conducted numerous international malaria training programmes during the last 2 decades. Methods: A retrospective analysis of international training programmes organized and facilitated by JIPD in China since 2002 was conducted. A web-based questionnaire was designed to gather respondents' basic information, evaluation of course topics, methodology, trainers, and facilitators, course impact, and suggestions for future trainings. Individuals who participated in the training courses from 2017 to 2019 were invited to participate in this assessment. Results: Since 2002, JIPD has conducted 62 malaria-related international trainings attended by 1935 participants from 85 countries, covering 73% of malaria endemic countries. Of 752 participants enrolled, 170 responded to the online survey. A majority of respondents (160/170, 94.12%) gave a high evaluation of the training, with an average score of 4.52 (5 maximum score). Also, survey respondents gave a 4.28 score on "knowledge and skills gained in the training useful for the national malaria programme", 4.52 on "topics appropriate to their professional needs", and 4.52 on "knowledge and skills gained in the training useful to their career". Surveillance and response was the most important topic discussed and field visit was the most effective method of training. For future training programmes, with increasing length of training, more field visits and demonstration, improving language barrier, and sharing experience were what the respondents requested most. Conclusion: JIPD, as a professional institute for malaria control, has conducted a great quantity of training in the past 20 years, providing training opportunities to both malaria and non-malaria endemic countries globally. For future training, survey respondents' suggestions will be considered to provide a more effective capacity building activity to better contribute to global malaria elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective · To develop a knowledge-attitude-practice questionnaire for mechanical prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis for orthopedic nurses in China, and analyze its reliability and validity. Methods · On the basis of literature review, combined with the characteristics of orthopedic diseases and orthopedic nurses, a preliminary questionnaire for mechanical prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis was prepared. In January 2020, two rounds of expert letter consultation were conducted to demonstrate and modify the items in the first draft and form the test version of the questionnaire for mechanical prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis. In March 2020, tests were conducted among 620 orthopedic nurses from 36 medical units in 13 cities in Jiangsu Province. Item analysis was carried out with critical ratio method and homogeneity test. Reliability analysis was carried out from internal consistency reliability, split-half reliability and retest reliability. Validity was analyzed from content validity and structure validity. Results · The first draft of the questionnaire contained 37 items; after the first round of expert consultation, 4 items were revised and 7 items were added; after the second round of expert consultation, a test version of the questionnaire containing 44 items was formed. A total of 620 questionnaires were distributed. The effective recovery rate of the questionnaire was 96.77%. The critical ratio method showed that the item decision values t, which reflected the t-test results of independent samples of high and low groups, ranged from 5.89 to 20.31, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). The homogeneity test showed that Pearson correlation coefficient r, which reflected the correlation between the score of each item and the total score of the scale, ranged from 0.49 to 0.79, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). Therefore, 44 items were retained after item analysis. The Cronbach's α coefficient reflecting the internal consistency of the total questionnaire was 0.893, the Spearman-Brown coefficient reflecting the half-fold reliability was 0.794, and the intraclass correlation coefficient reflecting the retest reliability was 0.909. The scale-level content validity index reflecting content validity was 0.926 and the item-level content validity index was 0.833 - 1. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett's sphericity test chi-square value which reflected the structure validity were 0.883 and 12 560.176 (df=666, P<0.05) respectively. These values indicated that the questionnaire was suitable for exploratory factor analysis. In addition, 7 items were deleted according to the absolute value of factor load. Finally, 37 items remained. Seven common factors with eigenvalue greater than 1 were extracted. The 7 common factors were named the act of mechanical prophylaxis, risk perception of mechanical prophylaxis, indications of mechanical prophylaxis, contraindications of mechanical prophylaxis, conceptual cognition of mechanical prophylaxis, mechanical preventive response and health education cognition of mechanical prophylaxis, respectively. The cumulative variance contribution rate was 61.992%. Conclusion · The questionnaire in this study shows good reliability and validity. It can be used as an investigation tool to study the current attitude, knowledge and behavior of mechanical prophylaxis of orthopedic nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic variation has an important role in the development of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, genetic factors for lung cancer have not been fully identified, especially in Chinese populations, which limits the use of existing polygenic risk scores (PRS) to identify subpopulations at high risk of lung cancer for prevention. We therefore aimed to identify novel loci associated with NSCLC risk, and generate a PRS and evaluate its utility and effectiveness in the prediction of lung cancer risk in Chinese populations. To systematically identify genetic variants for NSCLC risk, we newly genotyped 19 546 samples from Chinese NSCLC cases and controls from the Nanjing Medical University Global Screening Array Project and did a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of 27 120 individuals with NSCLC and 27 355 without NSCLC (13 327 cases and 13 328 controls of Chinese descent as well as 13 793 cases and 14 027 controls of European descent). We then built a PRS for Chinese populations from all reported single-nucleotide polymorphisms that have been reported to be associated with lung cancer risk at genome-wide significance level. We evaluated the utility and effectiveness of the generated PRS in predicting subpopulations at high-risk of lung cancer in an independent prospective cohort of 95 408 individuals from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) with more than 10 years' follow-up. We identified 19 susceptibility loci to be significantly associated with NSCLC risk at p≤5·0 × 10−8, including six novel loci. When applied to the CKB cohort, the PRS of the risk loci successfully predicted lung cancer incident cases in a dose-response manner in participants at a high genetic risk (top 10%) than those at a low genetic risk (bottom 10%; adjusted hazard ratio 1·96, 95% CI 1·53–2·51; p trend =2·02 × 10−9). Specially, we observed consistently separated curves of lung cancer events in individuals at low, intermediate, and high genetic risk, respectively, and PRS was an independent effective risk stratification indicator beyond age and smoking pack-years. We have shown for the first time that GWAS-derived PRS can be effectively used in discriminating subpopulations at high risk of lung cancer, who might benefit from a practically feasible PRS-based lung cancer screening programme for precision prevention in Chinese populations. National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Priority Academic Program for the Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, National Key R&D Program of China, Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Jiangsu, and China's Thousand Talents Program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]