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CDDP (conserved DNA-derived polymorphism) and ITS (internal transcribed spacer) molecular markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity among 17 cultivars of Camellia oleifera in Jiangxi Province, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the identification and utilization of local Camellia oleifera varieties. Our results indicated that 170 polymorphic bands were amplified by 17 CDDP primers among 204 bands, and the ratio of polymorphic band was 83.33%. The 17 cultivars of Camellia oleifera could be identified by primers ERF2, ERF3 and WRKYR1 respectively. The SM (simple matching) similarity coefficients among varieties ranged from 0.5506 to 0.8544 with an average of 0.7438. And according to the UPGMA cluster analysis, 17 cultivars of Camellia oleifera could be divided into 5 categories, and tend to cluster according to economic traits. ITS sequence analysis showed that, the overall average genetic distance of 17 cultivars of Camellia oleifera was 0.0702. NJ phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the genetic relationship among 17 Camellia oleifera varieties could be obviously reflected in phenotypic traits. This study shows that CDDP molecular markers combined with ITS sequence analysis technology could be effectively used for genetic diversity analysis of Camellia oleifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]