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In recent years, the relationship between teachers' technology competencies and integration and student-centered learning has come to the forefront. It is a clear reality that teachers with a student-centered education paradigm tend to use technology to support student-centered curriculum and should have some competencies in this regard. In this study, it was aimed to determine the relationships between student-centered education and technology integration competencies of primary school teachers in terms of some variables. The sample of the survey model research consists of 290 teachers working in different primary schools in Kazakhstan. In the study, student-centered education and technology integration competencies of teachers were described and then these variables were compared according to gender and professional seniority variables. "Competency Scale for Student-Centered Education and Teacher Technology Integration Scale" were used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics, independent groups t-test, one-way ANOVA and Regression analysis techniques were used to analyze the data. According to the results obtained, primary school teachers' efficacy levels for student-centered education are at the middle level and their technology integration efficacy levels are below the middle level. Teachers' efficacy levels related to student-centered education showed significant differences according to gender and professional seniority variables. However, primary school teachers' technology integration competencies did not differ according to gender and professional seniority variables. There is a moderate positive relationship between student-centered education and technology integration competencies of primary school teachers. Teachers' student-centered education competencies significantly predict their technology integration competencies.

Currently, local history in Kazakhstan is in the stage of intensive development. But the time has already come to study the experience in conducting and organizing this work, summing up and analyzing the accumulated new knowledge. In this vein, the research project "Seven Wonders of the Podgor'e " is an advanced one in the study of the territory of the microdistrict of the Podgor'e of the city of Petropavlovsk of the North Kazakhstan region. The main actual purpose of the research is the formation of moral, patriotic and civic qualities of a person, fostering a sense of responsibility for the motherland, familiarizing students with the historical past and present of their native land. The article analyzes the international experience of the participation of secondary school teachers in the education of citizenship and patriotism of the future generation through regular, extracurricular and research activities. This research project is devoted to a comprehensive study of the historical subdistrict of the city of Petropavlovsk. For a more detailed analysis, all the information is divided into seven areas, which are presented in the form of separate research projects. Each thematic block includes a large volume of local history material, archival data, contains video clips, interactive educational games, panoramic shots, interviews. The practical part of the research is the creation of a tourist excursion, as well as its virtual version. The excursion route is adapted to the contingent of different ages, and can also be carried out both on foot and by car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For the first time, the composition of microbiomes in the biological crust (AKL) horizons of extremely arid desert soils (Aridic Calcisols) developed from saline and nonsaline alluvial deposits in the Ili Depression (eastern Kazakhstan) was analyzed. To describe the diversity of microorganisms in the soil samples, a novel method of pyrosequencing (Roche/454 Life Sciences) was applied. It was shown that bacteria from the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes phyla predominate in all the samples; these are typical representatives of the microbiome of soil crusts. A distinctive feature of the extremely arid soils is the high contribution of cyanobacteria (25-30%) to the total DNA. In the soils developed from saline sediments, representatives from the Rubrobacteraceae, Streptococcaceae, and Caulobacteraceae families and from the Firmicutes phylum predominated. In the soils developed from nonsaline gypsiferous deposits, bacteria from the class of Acidobacteria, subgroup Gp3, of the Methylobacteriaceae family and the class of Subdivision 3 from the Verrucomicrobia phylum predominated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of macro- and micromorphological and analytical studies of extremely arid soils of the Ili Depression in Kazakhstan, a comparative analysis of pedogenetic processes shaping these soils on piedmont plains of different ages and heights is performed. The types of soil horizons and their combinations are analyzed in the context opf modern Russian and international soil classification systems. The genesis of extremely arid soils is controlled by the climatic conditions and by their geomorphic position on alluvial fans of piedmont plains. The following processes are diagnosed in these soils: soil crusting with vesicular porosity, the development of desert pavements with rock varnish, rubification, surface salinization, and iron depletion around the pores. It is suggested that the initial factor-based name (extremely arid) of these soils can be replaced by the name vesicular-crusty soils with the corresponding AKL diagnostic horizon, which is more consistent with the principles of substantive-genetic classification systems. In order to determine the classification position of these soils in terms of the new Russian soil classification system, new diagnostic horizons-AKL and CS-have to be introduced in this system. According to the WRB classification, the studied soils belong to the group of Gypsisols; the soil with strong salinization fits the criteria of the group of Solonchaks. A qualifier [yermic] is to be added to reflect the development of desert pavement and vesicular layer under extreme arid conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high biological diversity and the high activity of microorganisms were determined in the extremely arid desert soils developing under very sparse vegetation during the period of rare rains. Green and diatomaceous algae, dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria, and iron bacteria were diagnosed in the edaphon. These microorganisms affect the geochemical processes in the soils, including the biogenic transformation of rock minerals. Amorphous compounds of Fe and Mn are concentrated around the cells of iron bacteria and produce specific iron and iron-manganic pedofeatures. The specific humus-accumulative process is also developed owing to the mineralization of the microbial biomass with the formation of organomineral coagulates in the zones of contact of the intraped mass with rock debris covered by iron films and in the biogenic films on the walls of vesicular pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]