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The purpose of this study is to describe the process for improving Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's occupational health and safety standards. To carry out the investigation, researchers employed a secondary data collection approach. It comprised interviews with quality assurance managers and health and safety executives who submitted reports to the department from six chosen secondary level hospitals, as well as an analysis carried out following the examination and analysis of reports, data, and other documents. The findings of this study indicate that the majority of Pakistan's workforce lacks occupational safety and health training and is illiterate. In Pakistan, there are much fewer occupational health doctors and nurses than there are workers overall. This indicates that the nation does not have a formalized system for occupational health. While the state of occupational safety and health (OSH) is typically improving in export-oriented businesses, most of these industries are ill-organized. The impact of a nation's labor force can be fully understood in the midst of an ongoing economic crisis, but even in growing nations like Pakistan, where economic progress is prioritized, circumstances for occupational health and safety remain appalling, as this review has shown. Not only are OHS regulations urgently needed to be strengthened, but methods for putting them into practice as well as increased OHS knowledge, training, and conditions across the nation must be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is the momentous and persisting change in the world's temperature, precipitation, humidity, and other climatic variables. This study, therefore estimated the impact of climatic variations on tomato productivity across agro ecological zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Panel data for 28 years (1991-2018) across the six districts of the agro ecological was used due to availability of data on tomato productivity and climatic variables. Yield of tomato, area, maximum temperature and rainfall were included in the final estimated model. The results indicate that the average maximum temperature and average maximum temperature square have a significant impact on tomato yield. Average maximum temperature has positive coefficient while the average maximum temperature square has a negative coefficient. This demonstrates that, at first, the tomato yield increases as the temperature rises. It reaches the maximum at the critical temperature (34.95°C) but shows a decline once the temperature rises from the critical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

nd Workplace productivity is badly aected by many negative factors such as narcissism, and sadism. In addition, paranoia and antagonism play an important role in increasing workplace incivility. Through emotional intelligence, such negative behaviors could be addressed by managers and their junior colleagues. The current study aims to investigate the parallel mediating role of paranoia, antagonism, and emotional intelligence on the relationship between narcissism, sadism, and workplace incivility. A survey approach was used. Primary data was collected in PLS-SEM. The population of the study was all faculty members in higher education institutions in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) region. A measurement model and structural model were developed. The measurement model demonstrated that convergent and discriminant validities were established. The structural model’s findings revealed that narcissism, antagonism, and emotional intelligence were not mediated between narcissism and workplace incivility. Similarly, emotional intelligence did not play any mediating role between sadism and workplace incivility. This implied that emotional intelligence has no role in decreasing or reducing workplace uncivil behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a quantitative study to investigate the facts and figures about the Murder and Physical Violence (Hurt) cases committed in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the last decade i.e. 2011-2020, and its causes too. Based on the analysis of the data used in the research, an average decrease of -16.3% in the murder cases was observed in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the last decade which is -1.8% per year. Moreover, in the last 03-years +1.5% average increase has been witnessed. Similarly in Physical Violence (Hurt) cases the results showed a decrease of -13% at the rate of -1.44% per year, while in the last 03-years, an extra ordinary increase of +12.8% has been observed. Through the analysis of the secondary data collected through the questionnaire, the three basic causes of these crimes are dispute over property, egoism & honour and female related issues, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to discover the diversity and conservation status of medicinal plants used in herbal formulations to treat different diseases in Shakardara and adjacent areas, of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires about the preparation of monoherbal and polyherbal recipes that were used locally. Fidelity level, use value index, preference ranking method, and rapid vulnerability assessment were used for data interpretation. Relevant statistical tools (ANOVA and SPSS software) were used for data analysis. A total of 74 medicinal plants from 39 families were recorded that were used in the preparation of monoherbal and polyherbal formulation. In the study area, 146 recipes were used, of which 101 were monoherbal and 45 were polyherbal. Seeds were the most usable part of plants (28%), followed by fruits (23%) and leaves (21%). The highest informant consensus factor (1.00) was recorded for nail protection and growth, while the lowest (0.83) for wound healing. Withania coagulans Dunal was reported with the highest fidelity level and Peganum harmala L. was the most vulnerable species in the study area, with the highest threat score. Conserving the knowledge and resources associated with the herbal remedies is essential for both human health and ecological balance. Monoherbal and polyherbal formulations of medicinal plants highlight the potential of traditional herbal remedies as valuable sources of alternative medicine. Further research in this field is crucial to explore the therapeutic potential and ensure the safe utilization of these natural remedies in modern healthcare. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to examine the characteristics of agricultural land parcels and identify important determinants of their prices in Swabi district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For this purpose, a sample of 79 land parcels, having transaction record for the year 2015-2017, was selected from 10 randomly chosen villages. Data were collected on their prices and their physical, agricultural and location characteristics. Descriptive statistical tools were used to summarize data on agricultural land characteristics. A linear Hedonic Pricing Model (HPM) was used to estimate agricultural land prices based on physical, location and agricultural characteristics. Results show that agricultural land parcels in Central Swabi district have comparatively high prices, and this is due to their high residential and commercial potential. Developmental projects for roads, hospitals, universities and gas supply infrastructure in the surroundings of Swabi city are resulting human influx from rural areas, and are increasing demand for residential and commercial units in the suburbs. This high demand is pulling land prices and causing utilization of fertile agricultural land for residential and commercial units' construction. Around 50% of the sampled agricultural lands were used for residential and commercial purposes. Results from HPM reveal that agricultural characteristics, such as land fertility and irrigation water availability, were the significant determinates and have positive effects on land prices. Location characteristics, such as road distance, city distance, distance to nearby houses and distance to agricultural market are the important determinants of land prices. These findings imply that agricultural land prices depends on agricultural and location attributes and this is consistent with the Ricardian's Land 'Rent' and Von Thunan's 'Land Location' theories. Based on these findings, the study recommends that agricultural land must be protected through laws from residential and commercial encroachments. Investment in development of agricultural infrastructure and provision of subsidized on important inputs could raise farmers' returns from agriculture and could change their perception to favor using land for agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was based on identification of the major determinants of adoption of hybrid maize technology in district Mardan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A sample of 255 respondents in the study area was randomly chosen using a multistage random sampling technique. The logit model was used to measure the probability of adoption of hybrid maize technology. The estimated results of the model revealed that younger farmers were comparatively more adoptive of the hybrid maize technology. Education level, number of adult males involved in agriculture and land holdings of the farmers affected the adoption of the hybrid maize technology positively. The owners as compared to tenants and farmers having main sources of income other than agriculture were having lower probability to adopt the hybrid maize varieties. This study recommends that the government should facilitate farmers with the subsidized prices of hybrid maize technology and provide them both the informal and formal education considering it as their basic necessity and right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identified and analyzed major determinants of potato yield in district Swat of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A three-stage random sampling technique was used to collect data from 100 respondents during 2018. A Cobb-Douglas type production function was used to approximate effect of determinants on potato yield. Major shares of the input cost per acre incurred in the study area were seed (Rs. 18720), followed by land rent (Rs.15890) and labors having an estimated cost of Rs. 14965 respectively. The analysis showed that on average per acre yield of potato was recorded as 4,953.35 kg with net revenue of Rs. 28,261.89. The results of the Cobb-Douglas type production function revealed that the coefficients of seed, labor, tractor, urea and chemicals were positive and statistically significant having elasticities of 0.211, 0.110, 0.103, 0.073 and 0.064, respectively. The study recommends that government should subsidize the inputs and arrange trainings for potato growers regarding use of recommended chemical fertilizer and efficient utilization of seed, labor and other inputs to accelerate potato production and thereby profit of farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural sector is an important component of the Pakistan economy. It has blessed with four seasons, therefore its soil is rich to produce all kinds crops, fruits and vegetables. Agriculture sector contributes to the economic benefit of the farming community in Pakistan, therefore analyzing its potential remain major focus in various studies. Current study has been designed with main aim to estimate the allocative efficiency of onion production in District swat. Using multistage sampling technique cross sectional data was collected from 105 sample respondents in three villages (Aboha, Manyar and Parrai) of Tehsil Barikot, district Swat. Simple Linear Regression Model was employed to individual input contribution in total output. The concept of Marginal Value Products and Marginal Factor Cost was used to calculate Allocative Efficiency. Ordinary Least Square technique was used to drive linear production function. The results revealed that Tractor (hrs), Labor (M-days), FYM (kg), chemical fertilizer (kg), pesticide/weedicide (ml), and irrigation numbers have positive effects on onion production in the research area. Allocative efficiency estimates showed that tractor hours, FYM, chemical fertilizer, and pesticide/weedicide are under-utilized having ratios of 22.15, 8.65, 5.49 and 34.69 respectively. Similarly, seed rate and irrigation numbers are over utilized having values of 0.14 and 0.76 respectively. The allocative efficiency value for labor days was 1.07suggests almost near to allocative efficient level. The study recommends season long trainings for optimal resource allocation, availability of inputs at reasonable prices and facilitation of growers in marketing of output, in order to enhance allocative efficiency of onion growers in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether anticipated number of person with disabilities was employed in different government departments of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Methods: Using across sectional survey, data from 16 different departments of provincial government of KPK was collected by volunteers of 'Friends of Paraplegics. Results: Out of total 1, 71,137 Govt. employees, only 1151 (0.67%) were person with disabilities. None of the included departments fulfilled 2% allocated job quota for person with disabilities. Majority of the employees included in study were from Elementary & Secondary Education Department (n=140345) and Agriculture, Livestock & Cooperation Department (n=14315). The number of person with disabilities in these departments were 960 (0.68%) and 68 (0.48%) respectively. The highest percentage of person with disabilities were working in Higher Education Archives & Libraries Department (1.65%)followed by Law, Parliamentary Affairs & Human Rights Department (1.42%), Planning & Development Department (1.39%) and Administration & Establishment Department (1.16%). Conclusion: It is concluded that a small number of person with disabilities are employed in different Govt. Departments. Moreover, these departments has not ensured providing 2% job quota for person with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the food consumption decisions of households in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan to understand the demand for different food commodities and to determine the effects of important economic factors such as prices and income. Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) model is used to estimate food demand patterns using the Household Integrated Economic Survey part of Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement for the year 2011-12. Fourteen food groups as per HIES including milk, meat, fruits, sugar, vegetables, beverages, wheat and wheat flour, rice, other cereals, pulses, oil and fats, tea and coffee, backed products and other food were considered for the study. The data given in the survey regarding commodity prices, quantity consumed, households' food expenditures and demographic characteristics were considered for analysis. The uncompensated own price elasticity for milk, fruits, and baked products is greater than unity which suggests that these food groups are highly responsive to their own price change. Prices of these food products should be kept constant. Imposition of any sale tax could create a huge loss in consumption for these commodities. Milk, meat, fruits, other cereals, tea and coffee and baked products were treated as luxuries by the households based on the expenditure elasticities that ranged from 1.05 for milk to 1.33 for tea and coffee. While, those for vegetables, pulses, rice, tea and coffee and other food ranged from 0.28 for beverages to 0.91 for pulses and considered as necessities. As the demand for milk, meat, fruits, other cereals, tea and coffee and backed products are more elastic to total food expenditures (income). Imposition of any income tax on personal household income could reduce their consumption of these food groups in the province. Such policies could result in food security problems for low and middle-income households in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study estimated and examined allocative efficiency of broiler farms in district Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Data from 120 respondents was collected through multistage random sampling technique. Stochastic frontier cost function of Cobb-Douglas type was used for the estimation of allocative efficiency. The function was estimated using Maximum Likelihood estimation technique. Results revealed that the mean allocative efficiency of broiler farms was 0.84; implies that an average farm could have used 16% less inputs for given level of output if inputs were allocated efficiently. The estimated coefficient of output in the stochastic cost frontier was -0.159 and statistically significant at 5% significant level which implies that output level need to be increased which ultimately leads to decrease inefficiency of resources allocation. In allocative inefficiency effect model, estimates of education and experience were negative and statistically significant which implies that educated and experienced broiler farmers efficiently allocated resources on their farms. Therefore, the policy makers needs to provide education and training facilities to the farmers which are appropriate to rearing of broiler in open shed farms for the efficient utilization of resources and enhancing productivity of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane is the main and industrial crop of Pakistan and a source of direct and indirect employment in the country. Current study was designed to explore net return and resource use efficiency in sugarcane production in district D.I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. To realize the objectives of the study, primary data was collected from 76 sugarcane growers through a well-designed interview schedule. Debartin formula was used to calculate net return, while a Cobb-Douglas type production function (double log form) was employed to estimate sugarcane yield and its determinants in study area. The results revealed that per acre net return after subtracting total cost from gross revenue was Rs. 33,173.65/-. Results illustrate that labor days, seed quantity, tractor hours, urea and pesticides have positive significant effect on sugarcane yield. Resource use efficiency analysis shows that marginal value product (MVP) to marginal factor cost (MFC) ratios for labor days, irrigation, urea, FYM and pesticides are more than unity indicate underutilization of these resources which underlines scope of expansion in these resources. Study results illustrate that land, seed quantity, tractor hours and DAP are over utilized which need readjustment. Study recommends improvement in extension services to guide farmers on proper inputs utilization, low interest rate crop based loans and comprehensive policy of setting right price for output to increase net return and per unit yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of global warming on vegetation phenology are widespread. A study in Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan investigated the effects of ecological factors including precipitation and temperature on phytochemical, and nutritional composition of wild Caralluma tuberculata N. E. Brown. Photosynthetic pigments, saponins, crude proteins, crude fats, moisture, and ash were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the plants of Shaker Darra area than in the plants of Lakki Marwat, Darra Adam Khel, and Spin Wam areas. Pearson correlation explains a high correlation existing between the annual rainfall and temperature with that of pregnane glycosides. The current study concluded that mainly rainfall influences the phytochemical, nutritional, and physiological profiles of C. tuberculata. • C. tuberculata , a locally vulnerable multipurpose plant species. • Rainfall affects photosynthetic pigments and phyto-chemicals of C. tuberculata. • Temperature also alters phyto-chemical and nutritional composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to find out "factors that prevent those suffering from severe depression with suicidal ideation of committing suicide", admitted to the psychiatric unit of a tertiary care hospital in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar. STUDY DESIGN: Cross sectional study PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: This study was conducted in psychiatry department of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from May 2023 till November 2023. METHOD: We conducted this study on 230 admitted patients, and they were diagnosed with severe depression according to ICD-10. The Beck scale for suicidal ideation was applied and a score of = 8 was considered positive for the presence of suicidal ideations and then a "modified version of reasons for living scale" to identify protective factors against suicide. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22.0. RESULTS: The most common protective factor found in our study was religious and moral objections in 37.4% of patients followed by fear of social disapproval in 17.4%, hopefulness and fear of suicide in 15.7% each, and responsibility towards family was present in 13.9% of patients. Data stratification for protective factors and other demographic characteristics including gender, residential, socioeconomic, marital, educational status, and family system were statistically significant with their P-values of <0.001. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that religious and moral objections were the most common protective factors in the prevention of suicide, followed by fear of social disapproval, hopefulness, fear of suicide, and responsibility towards family. Gender, residential, socioeconomic, marital, and educational statuses along with family system were significantly associated with the presence of protective factors against suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]