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This study was conducted to compare the meat qualities from the Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) and Holstein steer. A total of 48 Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) and Holstein steers (20 months old and averaging 500 kg in weight) were allotted into one of four groups (T1, B1+ meat grade Hanwoo; T2, B1 meat grade Hanwoo; T3, B1+ meat grade Holstein; T4, B1 meat grade Holstein). Meat grade were estimated by the Korean carcass grading system (National Livestock Cooperatives Federation, NLCF, 1998). Water content was higher in both of B1+-grade Holstein and B1-grade Holstein sample. B1+-grade Holstein sample was also higher in crude protein content, whereas ash content was higher in both B1+- and B1-grade Hanwoo samples. Shear force value was significantly lower in Holstein samples compared with Hanwoo samples. In fatty composition, the ratio of unsaturated fatty acid was higher, and saturated fatty acid was lower in Holstein samples. In sensory evaluation, aroma was higher in B1-grade Hanwoo sample than those of other samples, whereas flavor was highest in B1+-grade Hanwoo sample. Tenderness was significantly higher in Holstein samples compared with Hanwoo samples. In conclusion, Hanwoo beef had higher ash contents, aroma, and flavor, whereas meat tenderness was higher in Holstein samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although images of animals occupied an important place in Chosŏn-dynasty (1392-1910) paintings, along with landscapes, figures, "Four Gentlemen" (i.e., bamboo, plum, orchid and chrysanthemum), genre pictures and folk paintings, very little research has hitherto been conducted on animal pictures in recent scholarship. This is due to the paucity of documentary sources which can shed light on the content and style of the animal paintings themselves. However, examination of some important Korean animal pictures reveals a number of salient features unique to Korean animal paintings, particularly a warmth and intimacy conveying close relationships among animals. Since distinctive visual elements in Chosŏn-dynasty animal images have not been explored in recent scholarship, it is necessary to undertake a preliminary study of these important stylistic characteristics. This article analyzes a selected number of delightful and moving paintings associated with highly celebrated artists, including Yi Am (1499--died after 1545), Sin Saimdang (1504-1551), Kim Sik (1579-1662), and Pyŏn Sangbyŏk (eighteenth c.) By studying the depiction of animals' poses, behavior and facial expressions within a broader compositional format, this article elucidates the ways by which major Chosŏn-dynasty artists imparted warm and affectionate feelings through the recurring motifs of animals turning toward each other. Furthermore, this paper explores the possibility that important practitioners of animal imagery perceived a certain kind of order in animals' social lives, not unlike the Confucian relations among human beings in Chosŏn society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]