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Based on the Langley method and the EuroSkyRad (ESR) pack retrieval scheme, we carried out the retrieval of the aerosol properties for the CE–318 sunphotometer observation data from March 2012 to February 2014 in Kunming, China, and we explored the possible mechanisms of the seasonal variations. The seasonal variation of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) was unimodal and reached a maximum in summer. The retrieval analysis of the Angstrom exponent (α) showed the aerosol types were continental, biomass burning (BB), and urban/industrial (UI); the content of the desert dust (DD) was low, and it may have contained a sea–salt (SS) aerosol due to the influence of the summer monsoon. All the aerosol particle spectra in different seasons showed a bimodal structure. The maximum and submaximal values were located near 0.2 μm and 4 μm, respectively, and the concentration of the aerosol volume was the highest in summer. In summer, aerosol particles have a strong scattering power but a weak absorption power; this pattern is the opposite in winter. The synergistic effect of the East Asian monsoon and the South Asian monsoon seasonal oscillations can have an important impact on the variation of the aerosol properties. The oscillation variation characteristic of the total vertical columnar water vapor (CWV) and the monsoon index was completely consistent. The aerosol types and sources in the Yunnan–Kweichow Plateau and the optical radiation properties were closely related to the monsoon circulation activities during different seasons and were different from other regions in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]