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Importance Exposure to ambient particulate matter during pregnancy has been suggested as a risk factor for preterm birth. However results from limited epidemiologic studies have been inconclusive. Very few studies have been conducted in areas with high air pollution levels. Objective We investigated the hypothesis that high level exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter no larger than 10 μm (PM 10 ) during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm birth. Methods A birth cohort study was carried out between 2010 and 2012 in Lanzhou, China, including 8969 singleton live births with available information on daily PM 10 levels from four monitoring stations, individual exposures during pregnancy were calculated using inverse-distance weighting based on both home and work addresses. Unconditional logistic regression modeling was used to examine the associations between PM 10 exposure and risk of preterm birth and its clinical subtypes. Results Increased risk of very preterm birth was associated with exposure to PM 10 during the last two months of pregnancy (OR, 1.07; 95%CI, 1.02–1.13 per 10 μg/m 3 increase for last four weeks before delivery; 1.09; 1.02–1.15 for last six weeks before delivery; 1.10; 1.03–1.17 for last eight weeks before delivery). Compared to the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (150 μg/m 3 ), higher exposure level (≥ 150 μg/m 3 ) of PM 10 during entire pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (1.48; 1.22–1.81) and the association was higher for medically indicated preterm birth (1.80, 1.24–2.62) during entire pregnancy and for very preterm during last 6 weeks before delivery (2.03, 1.11–3.72). Conclusions and relevance Our study supports the hypothesis that exposure to high levels of ambient PM 10 increases the risk of preterm birth. Our study also suggests that the risk may vary by clinical subtypes of preterm birth and exposure time windows. Our findings are relevant for health policy makers from China and other regions with high levels of air pollution to facilitate the efforts of reducing air pollution level in order to protect public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Birth defects are a leading cause of infant death. Pregnant women spend a large amount of time indoors, and little research from population-based studies has investigated the association between indoor air pollution and birth defects. We aimed to examine whether using coal, biomass, or electromagnetic stoves for cooking is associated with risk of birth defects compared to using gas stoves. A birth cohort study was conducted from 2010 to 2012 in Lanzhou, China. Cases (n = 264) were singleton births with birth defects, which were defined as abnormalities of structure or function, including metabolism, presented at birth based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes. Controls (n = 9926) were defined as singleton live births without birth defects. Unconditional logistic regression models were employed to estimate the association adjusting for confounding variables. Compared to gas stoves for cooking, biomass (OR = 2.66, 95%CI: 1.38–5.13), and electromagnetic stove (OR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.26–2.88) for cooking were associated with an increased risk of birth defects. The significant associations remained among non-congenital heart disease (CHD) defects but not CHDs. Using biomass or electromagnetic stoves for cooking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of birth defects. Additional studies are warranted to confirm these novel findings. Studies with larger sample size or greater statistical power are also warranted to better estimate the associations for individual birth defects. • Using biomass for cooking is associated with an increased risk of birth defects compared to using gas stoves for cooking. • Using electromagnetic stoves for cooking is associated with risk of birth defects compared to using gas stoves for cooking. • Risk of birth defects associated with cooking fuels may vary by different birth defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]