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Over 5.4 million people have fled Venezuela in the last decade, with 4.6 million arriving in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Most are refugees seeking to settle in another of the region's countries, including Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. This paper focuses on the Venezuelan diaspora towards these countries and analyses whether these borders should be defined as open or closed, along with the forms of institutional incorporation or exclusion these people have experienced. To do this, it takes a case-by-case approach, reviewing legislation and analysing policy for each country. While Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay are all Mercosur members and signed the common residence agreement, which facilitated the movement of people, Paraguay has not created a special migration category for Venezuelan citizens, and has taken a more restrictive approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1990s, the eu adopted the political idea of migration management to deal with migrations from third countries. This cleared the way for an externalization of the communitarian migration control to other regions. In this regard, there are studies on the effects of this process on African, East European, and Asian countries. In contrast, the literature has neglected the Latin American and Caribbean zone. The aim of this article is to analyze the process of externalization to Latin America and the Caribbean, through the eu budget lines for migration management between 2001 and 2020. Based on the examination of a corpus of official documents, the work shows that the eu has a matrix for migration management, defined by three axes: external borders, fight against "illegal" immigration, and development. The projects developed in Latin America and the Caribbean have reproduced this matrix, working as tools of the communitarian migration control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This work addresses the articulation between national States and imperial capitals between 1870 and 1930 to explain state bordering processes, economic modernization, and social uprooting that characterize this cycle. The five contributions included in the dossier are presented at the end, which contribute to a historiographic rethinking of the relationship between States, capitals, and peoples. Methodology: The article examines a diverse bibliographic body on the relationship between national histories, colonization, and borders, with an emphasis on South America in the global colonial context. Originality: The text discusses the stability of national-liberal historiography in the light of border situations and proposes to advance the analytical integration of Latin American colonial realities in their common diversity. Conclusions: National histories contribute to legitimizing a state-centrism that denies the heterogeneous colonial experience and radical inequalities that constitute it. The article proposes to deepen the plurinational, extranational historization of the enormous continuity of border situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the emergence of a field of studies on cross-border agreements in Latin America as a positive feature in favor of the construction of a critical theory of Latin American borders, but at the same time weighed down in heuristic terms by its theoretical and methodological dependences to the mainstream of European and North American studies. A theoretical approach is proposed that, without ignoring the stock accumulated in these studies, considers the characteristics of the neoliberal bordering in Latin America and the reality of its experiences of agreements. In this sense, several cases are analyzed from a preliminary typology based on their institutional/scalar origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the boundaries theoretical framework to analyse Brazilian race relations. The author argues that the apparent paradox of race relations in Brazil and in parts of Latin America, i.e. the persistency of racial inequality without blatant racial conflict, can be better understood as the coexistence of strong social boundaries and weak symbolic boundaries between racial categories. Not only does the boundaries literature allow us to understand race relations in Brazil through a different lens, but the Brazilian case can also contribute to further develop this theoretical framework. Differently from most cases discussed by the boundaries literature where strong symbolic boundaries lead to strong social boundaries, in Brazil weak symbolic boundaries have played a key role in the reproduction and transformation of strong social boundaries between blacks and whites. Taking into account the different ways these two types of boundaries interact – social and symbolic – is a key challenge for the comparative literature on race relations. In order to develop the argument the author draws on recent studies about Brazil to discuss two traditional issues in the race relations literature in Latin America and beyond: the measurement of racial discrimination and the consequences of racially mixed identification for debates on racial inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cuadernos de Negocios Internacionales e Integración is the property of Universidad Catolica del Uruguay Damaso Antonio Larranaga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)