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Eduardas Volteris (1856-1941) is one of the first book theorists in the Eastern European region and developer of the most important memory and higher education institutions of independent Lithuania. This article analyzes the early 20th c. phenomenon of the institutionalization of book science. It attempts to answer the question of how Eduardas Volteris contributed to establishing the very first Eastern European societies of book researchers, to consolidating the sciences of bibliography, bibliology and book science within the realm of academia, and to professionalising of book scholarship. The sources for examination of the social aspects of book science are: documents belonging to the Russian Society of Bibliology, which was active in St. Petersburg in 1899-1931, materials in scholarly serial publications on book science of the early 20th c., theoretical papers published by E. Volteris, and the results of the historical studies on the history of European book science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An owner of a printing house and a publisher, Martynas Jankus (1858-1946) was a citizen of Germany and a Lithuanian of the East Prussian region. He was an active member of the Lithuanian national movement of the 19th - early 20th century. He supported the opposition of the people of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which was annexed and integrated into the Russian empire in 1795. When the usage of the Lithuanian language in Latin script was banned in 1864-1904, Martynas Jankus started printing illegal books and newspapers in his printing house and transporting them secretly to the Russian empire. He supported publishing "Auszra" and "Varpas" the most influential newspapers of the national movement. In 1918, after the restoration of the independence of the Republic of Lithuania, this veteran of Lithuanian culture and politics was highly appreciated and attracted close attention of journalists. He publicised quite many memoirs about the publishing and distribution of illegal press, known newspaper editors and book authors, printers, and publishers. The greatest value for historiographic research of the book resides in three generalised memoirs that M. Jankus attempted in his late years. They include the publication "Smuggling of Lithuanian books" („Lietuviškų Kningų Kontrabanda″) which was published in the newspaper "Tėvynė" (1918) edited by Lithuanians in the USA, and two unpublished manuscripts: an exhaustive narrative (27 pages) without a title about the state of the Lithuanian press and language during the period of the growth of the national movement, sent to the professor linguist of the Göttingen university (Germany) Eduard Hermann, and the memoirs "An encyclopedia of my adventures" (,,Mano prietikių enciklopedija″) written in the form of a scholarly encyclopedic dictionary characterizing the acquaintances of M. Jankus. The advantage of the memoirs lays in the point of view of the author who is a direct participant and observer of the factual events, political and social processes, and characters of persons. Foreign researchers appreciate the knowledge of M. Jankus' cooperation with the participants of Byelorusian, Polish, and German national and revolutionary movements and assistance in their literary publishing. On the other hand, although this author wrote many published and unpublished memoirs, they were small in size, written in the journalistic style and quite open. Therefore, they raised contradictions and critical comments of the public. Many did not understand the character of M. Jankus, which was conditioned by differences in cultural and religious traditions based on the civil rights of Prussian citizens, implying a much greater religious and political freedom. His publications and opinions were not self-controlled or limited in any way. The author sincerely depicted the positive and negative sides and character of the national movement and its participants. He was among the first to raise the issues of Polonized and estranged Catholic priests and the vices of the book smuggling as a social phenomenon. The Lithuanian society was not matured enough at his time and did not support him. The dethronement of the movements, communities, and leaders that had a national character was not tolerated during M. Jankus' lifetime; it is not tolerated in modern society, either. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the analysis of the Vilnius University research papers "Knygotyra" (Book Science) in 1999-2012. he irst volume of "Knygotyra" was published in 1961 under the title "Bibliotekininkystes ir bibliograijos klausimai" (Issues of Librarianship and Bibliography) which was changed to "Knygotyra" in 1970. Today, "Knygotyra" is a mature and recognised journal. It is edited by a team of international editors, which includes researchers from Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Poland, Russia and Lithuania. "Knygotyra" is the only journal of book science in Lithuania and in the Baltic countries. he state and situation of "Knygotyra" in 1970-1998 was analyzed by Vanda Stoniene (2000). he aim of the present article is to reveal the "Knygotyra" status in the recent years (1999-2012) and to compare it with the analysis by V. Stoniene. "Knygotyra" is analyzed in the organizational, structural, thematic, genre publications, authors' activity and other aspects. he analysis concludes that "Knygotyra" keeps its traditions. On the other hand, a scientiic journal is forced to change. It is influenced by the country's general education policy trends, changes in the global world and scientiic research ield. One of the formal proofs of this change is the size of each annual volume, which has increased from 20 quires in 1999 to 44 in 2012. he reasons for this increase are complex: achievements of ancestors, attention to foreign authors, scientiic communication (international conferences in Vilnius), scientific potential of the growing Lithuanian book community. Upon comparing the periods 1970-1998 and 1999-2012, we can state that the editorial bord of "Knygotyra" ensures a balanced preparation, reviewing and publishing of the material, and authoritative foreign scientists in the editorial bord increase the academic prestige of "Knygotyra". After examining the structure and publications by genre and comparing it with the previous analysis by V. Stoniene, we can see that "Knygotyra" is trying to follow traditions to publish actual and problematic topics of book science. In total, 369 articles were analyzed. A comparative analysis revealed that the recent theme of peer-reviewed articles has expanded enormously. In 1970-1998 it was concentrated on the history of book and the history of libraries. We ind that in 1999-2012 the focus of topics was also on traditional book history. his is evidenced by historiographic Lithuanian book science school. In 1999-2012, the number of articles on book theory and methodology increased. Usually, they are written not by Lithuanian authors, but this is one of the ways to ill a gap of these actual topics. A comparative analysis of the published articles revealed that new items such as bibliophilia, book art, handwritten and printed heritage have appeared in "Knygotyra". Such topics as publishing were not popular in 1970-1998 (except the topics of publishing history), in 1999-2012 this topic has been one of the most actual and pressing. his is due to the fact that the Institute of Book Science and Documentation of Vilnius University is pursuing a bachelor's degree and master's degree programs on publishing. Two dissertations on publishing topics have been recently defended. All this shows that the today's situation has inluenced changes of "Knygotyra": new topics of subjects relecting the scientiic relevance of book science (book advertising, digital book, book branding, etc.) have appeared in "Knygotyra". he thematic distribution of articles also testiies to a much broader phenomenon -- the general direction of the development of Lithuanian book science, research topics of the Institute of Book Science and Documentation, the future dissertation topics. All these things show that "Knygotyra" as a scientiic journal has formed its own identity: it follows the publishing traditions, has its core authors, is recognized and appreciated not only in Lithuania, but also in foreign countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first three decades of the nineteenth century is an exclusive period of Vilnius University and Lithuanian science history, when there had been made a tremendous progress under the influence of general rise of science and culture throughout Europe during the Age of Enlightenment. At that time Vilnius university was famous both for its schools of Medicine, Natural and Exact Sciences, and for the School of Humanities - Vilnius Philosophical School, Vilnius Theological School, Vilnius Philological School, together with creators of modern history and scientists who began investigating phenomena of communication and information (i.e. history of book and book sector related subjects, libraries and their activity, book's description). Professor J. Lelewel's two-volume work "Two bibliographic books", which had been printed in Vilnius (1823-1826), became a significant monument of nineteenth century science and contributed to development of book science and other traditional communication and information sciences not only in Lithuania, Poland, but also in other Eastern and Central European countries. After performing content and theoretical part analysis, defining the main issues and their relation with today's classification of Communication and Information sciences, assembling a scholarly image of science that J. Lelewel referred as bibliography (i. e. proving answers to such questions as how did J. Lelewel name the new science, how did he understand its structure, main problems, and links to other sciences), it is concluded that J. Lelewel is not only a father of book science, bibliography, library science, codicology, and paleography, but also a creator of this prime science -- science that is associated with origins of communication and information sciences in Lithuania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three definitions of marginalia are distinguished: codicological, polygraphic, and "postmanufaturing". Codicologically and polygraphically marginalia are defined as additional information records which appear during the book production process. Marginalia are texts and signs (and miniatures) of a functional nature, which are usually placed behind the main text of the book. The "postmanufacturing" attitude focuses on the marginalia which have an indefinite content and which appear in the process of book functioning in society. The development of marginalia scientific studies started at the beginning of the 19th century in Great Britain, meanwhile in Lithuania it started in the sixth decade of the 20th century. In the source studies, most has been achieved in the field of initial fixing. Information about marginalia was first recorded in card catalogues, later in old prints and electronic catalogues. Half of them are published as duplicates and facsimiles. Historically, three main marginalia research trends have formed: philological, historical and book science (perceiving book history as its part). Currently, the largest work in investigating marginalia is done by researchers from Great Britain, the USA and Russia. Marginalia are invoked in the investigation of polygraphy, codicology, reading history, book culture and book art. In Lithuania, more researches in history of reading, book culture, book art, records and sign history are conducted. Historiography development possibilities are intended for the research of library, bookbindery, book trade history and biographistic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]