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This article focuses on the discovery of new lemur species on Madagascar. U.S. and Malagasy primatologists have discovered a new species of mouse lemur, an arboreal, fist-size animal on the African island of Madagascar, the home of all lemurs. The researchers also announced a second new lemur species, one of a group called giant mouse lemurs. The findings bring the total number of known lemur species from 47 to 49. Peter Kappeler of the University of Göttingen in Germany and his colleagues identified the new lemurs by comparing two distinct populations of giant mouse lemurs from western and northwestern Madagascar. While studying these shy, nocturnal animals in the field, the team noticed physical and behavioral differences between the populations.