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This article considers the treatment of midwives in Spain after the Civil War ended in 1939 and continuing until the 1950s. The authors comment on the processes of political cleansing of several Spanish institutions related to midwifery, including the Universidad Central and the Colegio de Médicos de Madrid, as well as prisons throughout Spain at the time. The role of the Spanish government of the Second Republic in developing and enforcing the cleansing policies against practices of midwifery is also considered.

This article discusses the professional career of Spanish naturalist Odón de Buen y del Cos. It examines his influence on the teaching and study of natural history, including Darwinian evolutionary theory at the Universidad de Barcelona and the Universidad de Madrid, both in Spain. The author analyzes his role in popularizing the field of natural history in Spain during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He also explores the controversy surrounding del Cos' teachings, especially during the period leading up to and during the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s.