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Malaysia is one of the world's highest lightning regions, making it an ideal location for studying lightning activities, as they cause many power outages on overhead transmission lines. This study presents ground flash density (GFD) mapping and statistical analysis of lightning flash data in Peninsular Malaysia, which will be used to evaluate the lightning performance of transmission lines. Using Geographical Information System (GIS) software, the GFD map and lightning flash data for statistical analysis were extracted. MATLAB was then used to perform statistical analysis and obtain the probability of peak lightning current using the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution. This study analyzed six years of lightning flash data from 2012 to 2017 recorded by the Lightning Location System (LLS) and used the Peninsular Malaysia base map from the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM). Results show that the GFD mapping approach effectively classifies GFD distribution and identifies areas with high lightning activity. 81% of 4,536,380 lightning flashes were negative polarity, with a higher mean peak current magnitude than positive ones. More lightning activity was observed during the Southwest Monsoon (June-September) and the first Inter-Monsoon season (April-May). Pahang had the most lightning flashes due to its large land area. The GFD map overlaid on the transmission line demonstrated how lightning performance on the transmission line can be assessed. These findings are useful for utility and protection engineers to improve the performance of transmission lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides detailed information on the developed hardware and software for sun tracking mechanism and shows the effectiveness of utilizing time and date-based sun positioning solar collector system in tropical climate. The sun positioning system is based on the calculated azimuth and altitude at location E100°11′, N6°26′ in Northern Peninsular Malaysia where the climate is categorized as tropical climate. The system has two axes tracking with accuracy of 1° controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC). The field test has been done during a sunny and clear day, cloudy day and, heavy overcast and rainy day in which the results show that the improvement in the generated power of 91.97%, 122.71% and 90.42%, respectively, as compared with the fixed horizontal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]