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This study aimed to assess the outcomes of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with the conventional bracket (CB) and self-ligating (SL) bracket systems on root resorption (RR) during orthodontic treatment. A total of 32 patients were included in this randomized clinical trial. All the patients were randomly divided into four individual groups (SLL: self-ligating laser, CBL: conventional bracket laser, SLNL: self-ligating non-laser, CBNL: conventional bracket non-laser). RR was measured from the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiographs which were taken at two stages of the orthodontic treatment: pre-treatment (T1) and after leveling and alignment stage (T2). Wilcoxon rank test for the comparison was conducted to compare the RR at T1 and T2 stages within each group and showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) for various variables. Mann Whitney test compared the RR in laser and non-laser groups irrespective of the bracket systems and exhibited no significant differences except the left lateral incisor. Moreover, CB and SL groups showed no significant difference in RR among any tooth. Kruskal Wallis test was performed to compare the RR among all groups which presented no significant differences. LLLT and bracket systems have no consequences on RR until the leveling and alignment stage of orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Teledentistry is considered to be a technological advancement in providing dental care to patients while effectively addressing the time management. Furthermore, the pandemic of COVID-19 has been here for quite long now, forcing the dental practitioners to ponder upon other methods of healthcare delivery apart from the traditional in-office direct clinical examination. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of dental professionals of Malaysia regarding teledentistry, which can act as a future pedestal for improvements in virtual dental practice and patient care. Materials and Methods. It was a descriptive, cross-sectional study involving an electronic survey of a sample of dental professionals of Malaysia. A prevalidated, 26-item, 5-point Likert-scale questionnaire was used in assessing the perceptions of dental professionals regarding teledentistry in four domains: existing concerns about teledentistry use, the potential of teledentistry in improving practice, usefulness of teledentistry for dental practice, and its usefulness for patients. Statistical analyses involved descriptive statistics which included frequency distributions. Results. An overall response rate of 31.0% was observed with 310 dental practitioners participating in the survey. More than 60% of respondents agreed that teledentistry would benefit the dental practice through enhancement of communication with peers, guidance, and new patients' referral. However, a substantial proportion of practitioners (70-80%) expressed uncertainty with accuracy of diagnosis, technical reliability, and privacy. Conclusion. Generally, the results of this study point towards the readiness of dental professionals of Malaysia to engage in teledentistry practice. However, further work needs to be done to assess the commercial feasibility of teledentistry, not only in Malaysia but also in other parts of the world. To start with, directed campaigns in reference to teledentistry are necessary to educate dentists and the public about the technology and its potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Triglycerides are lipids composed of fatty acids that provide energy to the cell. These compounds are delivered to the body's cells via lipoproteins found in the bloodstream. Increased blood triglyceride levels have been associated with high-fat or high-carbohydrate diets. Generally, increased triglyceride levels occur in conjunction with other symptoms that are difficult to notice and recognize. Objectives. The study's goal was to develop and predict the model that could be used to explain the relationship between triglycerides and waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and hypertension status by determining the relationship between triglycerides and waist circumference, HDL, and hypertension status. This model was developed using qualitative predictor variables and incorporated data bootstrapping multilayer perceptron neural networks and fuzzy linear regression. Materials and procedures. This was a public health study that combined retrospective data analysis with methodology development. The medical records of patients who attended outpatient clinics at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) were collected and analyzed. This was to provide a more extensive illustration of the methods developed. Screening and selection of patient data were necessary following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The patient's medical record was used to obtain triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), waist circumference, and hypertension status. Due to the critical nature of the variable, it was chosen to aid the clinical expert. The R-Studio software was used to develop the associated syntax for the hybrid model, which would define the association between the examined variables. The purpose of this study is to create a technique for the clinical trial design that utilizes bootstrapping, Qualitative Predictor Variables (QPV), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and Fuzzy Regression (FR). All analyses were performed using the newly introduced R syntax. The research developed a fuzzy linear model that increased modelling performance by incorporating clinically significant factors and validated variables via Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). Conclusion. The proposed technique for modelling and prediction appeared to be the ideal combination of bootstrap, Multilayer Feed Forward (MLFF) neural network, and fuzzy linear regression. The created syntax is currently being evaluated and validated clinically. For modelling and prediction, the proposed technique looked to be the best, as it incorporated bootstrap, MLFF neural network, and fuzzy linear regression. The established syntax is now being utilized in the clinic to evaluate and validate the outcome. In terms of variable selection, modelling, and model validation, this strategy was superior to earlier approaches for fuzzy regression modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Cancer is primarily caused by smoking, alcohol, betel quit, a series of genetic alterations, and epigenetic abnormalities in signaling pathways, which result in a variety of phenotypes that favor the development of OSCC. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer, accounting for 80–90% of all oral malignant neoplasms. Oral cancer is relatively common, and it is frequently curable when detected and treated early enough. The tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system is used to determine patient prognosis; however, geographical inaccuracies frequently occur, affecting management. Objective. To determine the additional relationship between factors discovered by searching for sociodemographic and metastasis factors, as well as treatment outcomes, which could help improve the prediction of the survival rate in cancer patients. Material and Methods. A total of 56 patients were recruited from the ambulatory clinic at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). In this retrospective study, advanced computational statistical modeling techniques were used to evaluate data descriptions of several variables such as treatment, age, and distant metastasis. The R-Studio software and syntax were used to implement and test the hazard ratio. The statistics for each sample were calculated using a combination model that included methods such as bootstrap and multiple linear regression (MLR). Results. The statistical strategy showed R demonstrates that regression modeling outperforms an R-squared. It demonstrated that when data is partitioned into a training and testing dataset, the hybrid model technique performs better at predicting the outcome. The variable validation was determined using the well-established bootstrap-integrated MLR technique. In this case, three variables are considered: age, treatment, and distant metastases. It is important to note that three things affect the hazard ratio: age ( β 1 : -0.006423; p < 2 e − 16), treatment ( β 2 : -0.355389; p < 2 e − 16), and distant metastasis ( β 3 : -0.355389; p < 2 e − 16). There is a 0.003469102 MSE for the linear model in this scenario. Conclusion. In this study, a hybrid approach combining bootstrapping and multiple linear regression will be developed and extensively tested. The R syntax for this methodology was designed to ensure that the researcher completely understood the illustration. In this case, a hybrid model demonstrates how this critical conclusion enables us to better understand the utility and relative contribution of the hybrid method to the outcome. The statistical technique used in this study, R, demonstrates that regression modeling outperforms R-squared values of 0.9014 and 0.00882 for the predicted mean squared error, respectively. The conclusion of the study establishes the superiority of the hybrid model technique used in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: According to the global cancer situation, which is very alarming, with over 10 million new diagnoses and more than 6 million deaths each year globally, cancer is one of the most prominent causes of morbidity and mortality today. One of the cancers is oral cancer. Oral cancer is the irregular development of malignant cells in the oral cavity. The study's objective was to decide the mortality of cross-tabulation among patients treated for oral carcinoma from Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kelantan, Malaysia. Materials and Methods: This chapter summarizes the medical history for 7 years from January 2011 to December 2018 of patients who have been treated for oral carcinoma in the Hospital USM, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) Unit. Each patient's complete medical record was checked, and data gathered were based on age, gender, site lesion, clinical diagnosis, and mortality. Version 26.0 of the SPSS software was used to evaluate the correlation and distribution of patient survival. Results: This was a retrospective cross-sectional review of the medical evidence of 117 patients infected for oral carcinoma at OMFS (Hospital USM). Sixty-seven (57.26%) of the patients were male and fifty (42.74%) were female. Patient age ranged from 25 to 93 years. Malay has the highest prevalence (85.5%) in oral carcinoma, followed by a second ethnic group, Chinese (7.7%). The result indicates that the majority of oral carcinoma patients were over 60 years old. Cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma have proved to be the most prevalent malignant tumour in the mouth cavity. The largest number of cases collected is 91% of the data collected. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (10%) is the second most common small salivary gland tumor. Conclusion: OSCC is the most prevalent kind of oral cancer. According to the data review, the most popular site for oral cancer is the tongue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sleep apnoea is a diagnosed condition in which appurtenances interrupt breathing whilst sleeping. The consequence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) includes road traffic accidents due to drowsiness, systemic hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus and neurocognitive disorders. This condition extends the duration of recovery phase after traumatic brain injury. OBJECTIVE: This study was intended to assess the knowledge and attitude towards OSA and compare it among dental and medical undergraduate students of University Sains Malaysia (USM). METHODS: In this study, a total of 216 clinical undergraduate students (36 from each year; 108 from medical and 108 from dental school) of University Sains Malaysia (USM) Health campus were recruited for the study by non-probability stratified random sampling method. Total study period was October 2017 to October 2018. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the sociodemographic status and OSAKA questionnaire was used to assess knowledge and attitude regarding sleep apnoea of the respondents. Descriptive analysis was carried out to assess the knowledge and attitude of OSA amongst dental and medical undergraduate students of USM. The Mann–Whitney U test was carried out to compare the knowledge and attitude of OSA amongst dental and medical undergraduate students of USM. RESULTS: Our study findings revealed that 0.9 %and 6.5 %of the dental undergraduate students and medical undergraduate students could answer all the questions correctly regarding knowledge of OSA. Based on the assessment of the difference between medical and dental students in terms of knowledge towards OSA patients, significant difference was observed at the significance level of 95%, where p < 0.05 but no difference found in attitude towards OSA. However, significant difference was found towards attitude on treating OSA patients p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: A difference was observed in the knowledge and attitude on OSA between dental and medical undergraduate students in USM; however, medical undergraduate students had better knowledge and attitude towards OSA than dental students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This study was focused on comparing and analyzing the soft tissue changes induced by Reverse Twin-Block (RTB) and Reverse Pull Face Mask (RPFM) in early and late mixed dentition Malay children having Class III malocclusion. Methods. This cross-sectional study includes a total sample of 95 Malay children of both early (8-9 years) and late (10-11 years) mixed dentition stages. The comparison was between 49 samples treated by RTB and 46 samples treated by RPFM. Both pre- and posttreatment changes were assessed with Holdaway's analysis using the CASSOS software. In each cephalogram, 71 anatomic landmarks were traced. Descriptive and multiple regression analyses were performed for statistical evaluation. Results. Statistically significant changes were noticed in soft tissue facial angle, subnasale to H-line, skeletal profile convexity, upper lip strain, H-line angle, lower lip to H-line, and inferior sulcus to H-line measurements. Gender disparity was noticed in upper lip strain. Other significant changes were influenced by the type of appliance. However, the mean differences were minute to notice clinically. Age difference did not have any effect on the treatment changes. Conclusions. RPFM revealed treatment outcome with more protruded upper lip than RTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the satisfaction with the dentist-patient interaction and factors associated with patient satisfaction among patients attending the outpatient dental clinic Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 229 patients who attended outpatient dental clinic Hospital USM that located in the East Coast region of Malaysia. A selfadministered Skala Kepuasan Interaksi Perubatan - 11 (SKIP-11) questionnaire was used to assess the satisfaction towards dentist-patient interaction. Systematic random sampling was applied in this study. The data were analyzed using simple logistic regression analysis to determine the factors associated with patient satisfaction with dentist-patient interaction. Results: The mean age of patients was 32.6 ± 13.9 years, 71.6% of them study up to tertiary level, 31.5% came to for dental check up and 23.6% of them had tooth decay. More than half (64.6%) of the patients were satisfactory with dentist-patient interaction. The satisfaction percentage in the distress relief domain was 60.7%, 56.8% in the rapport domain, and 53.7% in the interaction outcome domain. Satisfaction with dentist-patient interaction was significantly associated with the dentists' characteristics such as age (OR = 0.583, 95%CI 0.44-0.76, p=0.001), gender (OR = 0.386, 95% CI 0.22-0.69, p=0.001) and years of service (OR = 0.294, 95% CI 0.15-0.57, p=0.001). Conclusion: The result showed that slightly more than half of the patients who attended the outpatient dental clinic HUSM were satisfied with the dentist-patient interaction, which was found to be influenced by the characteristics of the dentists. Efforts to improve patient-dentist interaction are recommended to ensure delivery of good quality oral health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the association of socio-demographic and clinic-pathological risk factors with oral cancer in Kelantan, Malaysia. Material and Methods: A 19-year cross-sectional survey was performed in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Malaysia. Medical record of 301 oral cancer patients was retrieved from the Medical Records office. Results: The majority of the oral cancer cases were male (62.8%), non-smokers (57.5%), non-alcohol consumers (83.4%), non-betel quid chewers (96.7%), and belonged to Malay ethnicity (68.8%). At the time of diagnosis, most of the patients were at stage II (38.9%). Approximately one-third (30.6%) of the total OC patients experienced loco-regional/distant metastasis, whereas no metastasis was detected in around two-thirds of cases (69.4%). A combination of surgery and radiotherapy was the most commonly employed treatment modality (27.2%). At the time of this study, the survival status of most of the patients was alive (69.1%). The most frequently encountered oral cancer in the Kelantanese population was oral squamous cell carcinoma (70.1%), with the tongue being the most frequently involved oral cavity site (35.5%). Conclusion: More than three-fourths of the cases were alive at follow-up, which included the cases that did not undergo any form of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Accidental occupational injuries increase the risk of communicable diseases like hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among dental personnel. Such occupational injuries affect healthcare quality by enhancing dissatisfaction and lack of motivation to work among dental personnel. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to assess knowledge and awareness regarding needle stick and sharp injury among dental personnel and compared the knowledge and awareness level about needle stick injuries between dental professionals and dental supporting staff working at the School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2016 to March 2017. The total sample included 112 registered dental personnel including dental professionals (lecturers, dental officers, and postgraduate students) and dental supportive staff (including staff nurses and dental surgery assistant) who were selected from the School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia at Kelantan District of Malaysia. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: In our study 60.7% respondents answered correctly for all the statements regarding knowledge and 51.8% of the respondents answered correctly for the statements regarding awareness on needle stick and sharp injury. No significant difference of knowledge level has been observed between the dental professionals and dental supportive staff (p < 0.819), whereas the awareness level was significantly different between these two groups (p < 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: There is a difference regarding awareness level on needle stick and sharp injury between dental professionals and dental supportive staff in our study but no differences were found in knowledge level between two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess caries experience and its association with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of preschool children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. Material and Methods: A sample of 169 preschool children of 5-6-year-old at a private preschool in the district of Kota Bharu, Kelantan was participated and were subjected to an oral examination to determine their caries experience by a single calibrated dentist. The parents were responding to self-administered Malay-ECOHIS and their sociodemographic background. Descriptive, Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were done to analyse the data required in this study. Results: Subjects comprised of girls (55.6%) with most parents (39%) had a secondary level of education, and 47.9% of them had a monthly income of RM1000-RM2999. Caries prevalence was 74.6% with a mean (SD) dmft was 5.27(5.22). The impacts on OHRQoL were more prevalent in the family section of Malay-ECOHIS (12.5%; 95%CI: 7.5%-17.5%) than the child section (4.2%; 95%CI: 1.16%-7.24%). Items related to 'felt guilty' (22.5%; 95%CI: 16%-29%) and 'been upset' (20.2%; 95%CI: 14.1%-26.3%) were the frequently reported on the family impact section. In child impact section, the item related to 'pain' (36.7%; 95%CI: 30%-43%) and 'difficulty eating' (20.8%; 95%CI: 14.7%-26.9%) were reported more frequently. Children with caries experience were significantly associated with the impact on family OHRQoL (p<0.05). Conclusion: The presence of dental caries was a significant predictor of poor OHRQoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the dental arch relationship (DAR) of nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and to explore the various phenotype and postnatal treatment factors that are responsible for poor DAR. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Subjects: Eighty-four Bangladeshi children with nonsyndromic UCLP who received cheiloplasty and palatoplasty. Main Outcome Measures: Dental models were taken at 5 to 12 years of age (man: 7.69), and dental arch relationships were assessed using modified Huddart/Bodenham index (mHB) by two raters. Kappa statistics was used to evaluate the intra- and interexaminer agreements, chi-square was used to assess the associations, and logistic regression analysis was used to explore the responsible factors that affect DAR. Results: The total mHB score (mean [SD]) was −8.261 (7.115). Intra- and interagreement was very good. Using crude and stepwise backward regression analysis, significant association was found between positive history of class III (P = .025, P = .030, respectively) and unfavorable DAR. Complete UCLP (P = .003) was also significantly correlated with unfavorable DAR. Conclusion: This multivariate study suggested complete type of UCLP and positive history of class III had a significantly unfavorable effect on the DAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find propotion of fractured orbital walls in the maxillofacial trauma cases and its associated maxillofacial fracture treated in the Oral Maxillofacial Clinic Oral Maxillofacial ward and operation theatre of Hospital USM in Kelantan, Malaysia. Materials and methods: From July 2013 to June 2018, records of patients who sustained maxillofacial fractures and presented them to the Accident and Emergency Department, Oral Maxillofacial Clinic, Hospital USM were reviewed, recorded, and analyzed. There are 294 patients whose data has been collected because they met the inclusion criteria. Each patient with a complete medical record was reviewed. Data were collected under the variables: Zygomatic Complex, Zygomatic Arch, Nasal, Maxillary Sinus, Le Fort I, Le Fort II, Le Fort III, Orbital Wall, Alveolar Process, Symphysis of Mandible, Condyle of Mandible, Ramus of Mandible, Maxillary Bone and Mandibular Bone of maxillofacial fracture. The fractured orbital walls in these cases was reviewed. At the first stage, all the selected variables will be screened for their important clinical point of view. The SPSS software version 26.0 was used to determine all possible factors contributing to orbital wall fracture. Results: This was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the medical records of 294 patients with maxillofacial fracture treated in the Oral Maxillofacial Clinic and Oral Maxillofacial ward, Hospital USM. There were 228 (77.3%) men and 66 (22.4%) women included in this study. The most common age range is 11-20 years (39.8%), 21-30 years (26.2%). Maxillary Bone Fracture (0.371; p <0.05), Maxillary Sinus Fracture (0.180; p <0.05), Zygomatic Arch Fracture (0.127; p <0.05) were found to be the most affected site, which had a positive correlation with an orbital fracture of the maxillofacial trauma cases. A path analysis based on the Spearman correlation was developed by taking into account significant correlations at the level of 0.05. Conclusion: Using the matrix spearman correlation, multiple response analysis (MRA), path analysis, we discovered a clear connection between orbital wall fracture and several other factors. This discovery will aid in the understanding of the most common fracture and the causes of orbital wall fracture in maxillofacial trauma. The Zygomatic Arch Fracture, Maxillary Sinus Fracture, and Maxillary Bone Fracture were found to have a significant relationship with the orbital wall when the significance level was set at 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 outbreak is being studied throughout the world. Adding more analysis to date strengthening the information about the illness. Here, we analysis the data of Malaysian Ministry of Health from February 15, 2020 until January 10, 2021 was analysed using linear regression model statistical analysis with aim to forecast the trend. Materials and Methods: This study reviewed the data by Malaysia Ministry of Health from February 15, 2020, until January 10, 2021. Linear regression model statistical analysis was used for predictive modelling. The forecasting of the linear trend of the Covid-19 outbreak prediction is purposed to estimate the number of confirm cases according to the number of recoveries patients. Results: Malaysia is currently anticipating another lockdown restriction as new confirmed case of COVID-19 hit new record high. The cumulative confirmed Covid-19 cases in MCO predicted a sharp increase. At the first of March, 2021, the predicted cumulative confirmed Covid-19 cases are 319,477 cases. Conclusions: Covid-19 cases projected to 315766 by end of February 2021 with 3000-4000 daily cases predicted. Initiative and proactive measurement by Malaysian government hopefully can reduce the number of cases and flatten the infection curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to compare the cusp and crown areas of the maxillary first premolar (PM1), second premolar (PM2), and first molar (M1) in males and females in the Malay population and to formulate sex prediction models. For this purpose, the maxillary posterior teeth of 176 dental cast samples (from 88 males and 88 females) were selected and transformed to two-dimensional digital models using 2D-Hirox KH-7700. Cusp and crown area measurements were obtained using Hirox software by tracing the outermost circumference of the tooth cusps. Statistical analysis included independent t-tests, logistic regression analysis, and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves as well as determination of sensitivity and specificity; analysis was performed with SPSS version 26.0. The significance threshold was set at 0.05. All crown and cusp area measurements were significantly larger in males than in females (p < 0.001). The most sexually dimorphic tooth was the first maxillary molar (mean difference, 10.27 mm 2 ), and the most sexually dimorphic cusp was the mesiopalatal cusp (mean difference, 3.67 mm 2 ) of M1. The sex prediction model had a good accuracy, with 80% of selected cases correctly predicted. Hence, we conclude that the maxillary posterior teeth in the Malay population exhibit significant sexual dimorphism, and this information may be used for sex determination as adjuvants along with other procedures., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Abstract: In Malaysia, oral cancer is very common and the reported 5-year survival of such patients is nearly 50% after treatment with surgery and radiotherapy, much lower than most of the developed countries. This study aimed to investigate the socio-demographic and clinicopathological parameters that influence the mortality rate of the patients suffering from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the Kelantanse population.In this retrospective study, data regarding socio-demographic, clinicopathological factors, and treatment outcome associated with OSCC were gathered from the archives of the medical records office of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. For statistical analysis, simple and multiple logistic regression were performed. The significance level was set to P < .25.A total of 211 OSCC cases were registered in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2018. Majority of them were male (57.82%), non-smoker (54.97%), non-alcohol consumer (91.94%), and non-betel quid chewer (93.83%) Malay (60.66%) patients. The tongue was the most commonly involved part of the oral cavity (41.52%). Histologically, the majority of the cases had moderately-differentiated OSCC (52.82%). Most of the patients were diagnosed at stage IV at the time of diagnosis (61.61%). When this study was performed, the survival status of the majority of the patients was alive (68.24%).Within the analyzed socio-demographic and clinicopathological parameters, gender, alcohol consumption, T-classification, histological grading, and treatment status have been demonstrated as an independent risk factors for mortality rate in multivariate analysis. Hence, these parameters need to be taken into account for the individualized therapy management of OSCC patients., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Treatment of Class III malocclusion is related to redirecting the growth of mandible, which may have an impact on the pharyngeal airway., Objective: To evaluate and compare the treatment effect of Reverse Twin-Block (RTB) and Reverse Pull Face Mask (RPFM) on Pharyngeal Airway Space (PAS) in early and late mixed dentition Class III samples., Methods: Ninety-five mixed dentition Malay children with Class III malocclusion were included in this study. Data consists of 190 pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of early (8-9 years) and late (10-11 years) mixed dentition Class III samples. forty-nine samples were under RTB and forty-six samples were under RPFM. Treatment changes were evaluated by McNamara airway analysis and changes in tongue and hyoid bone position., Results: Both upper and lower pharyngeal airway width were increased after treatment with RTB and RPFM ruling out the chance of airway constriction. There was also posterior positioning of the tongue and hyoid bone indicating mandibular retrusion. No significant treatment changes were found on the Pharyngeal Airway Space by the factor age, gender or type of appliance., Conclusions: Both RTB and RPFM increased the Pharyngeal Airway Space and produced similar treatment effect. As age does not affect the treatment outcome significantly, treatment can be delayed until late mixed dentition stage., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Unlabelled: This study aimed to investigate the association of facial proportion and its relation to the golden ratio with the evaluation of facial appearance among Malaysian population. This was a cross-sectional study with 286 randomly selected from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Health Campus students (150 females and 136 males; 100 Malaysian Chinese, 100 Malaysian Malay and 86 Malaysian Indian), with the mean age of 21.54 ± 1.56 (Age range, 18-25). Facial indices obtained from direct facial measurements were used for the classification of facial shape into short, ideal and long. A validated structured questionnaire was used to assess subjects' evaluation of their own facial appearance. The mean facial indices of Malaysian Indian (MI), Malaysian Chinese (MC) and Malaysian Malay (MM) were 1.59 ± 0.19, 1.57 ± 0.25 and 1.54 ± 0.23 respectively. Only MC showed significant sexual dimorphism in facial index (P = 0.047; P<0.05) but no significant difference was found between races. Out of the 286 subjects, 49 (17.1%) were of ideal facial shape, 156 (54.5%) short and 81 (28.3%) long. The facial evaluation questionnaire showed that MC had the lowest satisfaction with mean score of 2.18 ± 0.97 for overall impression and 2.15 ± 1.04 for facial parts, compared to MM and MI, with mean score of 1.80 ± 0.97 and 1.64 ± 0.74 respectively for overall impression; 1.75 ± 0.95 and 1.70 ± 0.83 respectively for facial parts., In Conclusion: 1) Only 17.1% of Malaysian facial proportion conformed to the golden ratio, with majority of the population having short face (54.5%); 2) Facial index did not depend significantly on races; 3) Significant sexual dimorphism was shown among Malaysian Chinese; 4) All three races are generally satisfied with their own facial appearance; 5) No significant association was found between golden ratio and facial evaluation score among Malaysian population.