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A long-term (18 years) effect of different fertilization and tillage management practices- fallowing treatment (no fertilizer, no cultivation); CK (no fertilizer, cultivation); N (nitrogen fertilizer); NP (nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer); NK (nitrogen and potassium fertilizer); PK (phosphorus and potassium fertilizer); NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer); M1NPK (chemical fertilizer plus manure); 1.5M1NPK (1.5 times M1NPK); NPKS (mineral fertilizer plus straw); Rot (3-year crop rotation of maize-maize-soybean with M1NPK), and M2NPK (2 times manure plus mineral fertilizer) - on the content of total nitrogen and organic forms of nitrogen and the nitrogen content in different particle-size fractions were studied in topsoil (0-20 cm) in Black Soil of NE China by using the methods of Bremner. The results showed that the combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers could significantly increase the contents and proportions of total nitrogen and organic nitrogen forms in soil. Comparing to CK treatment, the content of total nitrogen and hydrolyzable nitrogen increased in the fallow and organic materials treatments. Compared with M1NPK treatment, rotation was more beneficial to increasing organic nitrogen content, especially remarkably increasing amino acid nitrogen. The nitrogen response of sand, silt, and clay was most sensitive on manure; the effects of fallow and manure treatments on sand were notable, the nitrogen content in sand with NPKS increased by 40.86% compared with CK treatment. Our results imply that fallow/rotation managements, and manure/straw application can improve soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riverine source-bordering sand dunes, as a result of active fluvial–aeolian interactions, are a pronounced feature on the semiarid Xiliaohe Plain, Northeast China. By means of satellite imagery analysis, and both field survey and observation, this paper presents a new type of riverine source-bordering sand dunes — deflated rims, on the downwind margins of the Xiangshui River. They largely result from the deflation of escarpments on the downwind side of valley by local prevailing winds of NW direction, not from the reworking of point bars on floodplain by wind. In general, a rim is primarily composed of three distinct zones: 1) the upwind frontal escarpment zone with variable plan-form shape, gradient and relief, which is formed by either active lateral erosion by river or significant erosion by wind and transient slope runoff; 2) the deflation zone with gentle slopes of 8–18° and small-scale aeolian bedforms, i.e. ripples of fine sand, ridges of coarse sand; and 3) the downwind dynamic deposition zone with distinctive bedforms with variable superficial texture and slip faces. The sand mass on rims derives overwhelmingly from underlying loose late Quaternary sediments, is sufficient and sustainable by successive retreats of the escarpment, and is gradually transported downwind by pulse motions of bedforms, coupled with high wind events. Essentially, deflated rims are a starting point and the incipient phase of mature riverine dunefields. The superimposed bedforms on rims are fundamentally governed by windflow dynamics, sand sediments and antecedent bedform, exhibiting in turn the manner and intensity of rim development. Consequently, the upwind river valley and downwind deflated rim can jointly stimulate marked wave-like motion of both windflow and aeolian bedforms at different scales, especially when high wind events occur. This study sheds some light on the understanding of the origin and development of riverine source-bordering dunefields, and offers new insights into the mechanisms of fluvial–aeolian interactions on drylands worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two main processing methods for crop residue in Northeast China are stove burning for house heating and open burning as a waste product. Neither method is appropriate, as large amounts of pollutants released. This paper, therefore, proposes biomass boilers as a source for rural district heating. In a rural area in Northeast China, the PM 2.5 dispersions by the aforementioned three methods were simulated using the AERMOD model and the environmental impacts were assessed. The results show that the maximum peak concentration (MPC) is 1248 μg/m 3 for stove burning and 90,602 μg/m 3 for open burning; the general average concentration (GAC) is 345 μg/m 3 for stove burning and 1897 μg/m 3 for open burning. These concentration levels greatly exceed the thresholds established by China, the USA, and the WHO. However, the MPC for biomass boilers is only 2.76 μg/m 3 , a 99.78% and 99.99% decrease from the stove burning and open burning methods, respectively. The GAC for biomass boilers is 1.3 μg/m 3 , a decrease of 99.62% and 99.93%, respectively. Meteorological characteristics greatly influence the dispersion patterns of pollutants. In summary, replacing household heating stoves with biomass boilers is a bio-energy utilization method worth implementing widely to substantially improve the local atmospheric environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located in the east section of the Central Asian orogen in northeastern China, the Xilamulun district comprises several newly discovered molybdenum deposits, primarily of porphyry type and Mesozoic ages. This district is divided by the Xilamulun fault into the southern and the northern parts. In this paper, we present new zircon U–Pb dating, trace elements and Hf isotope, and/or whole rock Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic results for the host granitoids from three Mo deposits (Yangchang, Haisugou and Shabutai) in northern Xilamulun. Our aim is to constrain the age and petrogenesis of these intrusions and their implications for Mo mineralization. Zircon U–Pb LA-ICP-MS dating shows that the monzogranites from the Shabutai and Yangchang deposits formed at 138.4 ± 1.5 and 137.4 ± 2.1 Ma, respectively, which is identical to the molybdenite Re–Os ages and coeval well with the other Mo deposits in this region, thereby indicating an Early Cretaceous magmatism and Mo mineralization event. Zircon Ce/Nd ratios from the mineralized intrusions are significantly higher than the barren granites, implying that the mineralization-related magmas are characterized by higher oxygen fugacity. These mineralized intrusions share similar zircon in-situ Hf and whole rock Sr–Nd isotopic compositions, with slightly negative to positive ε Hf (t) ranging from − 0.8 to + 10.0, restricted ε Nd (t) values from − 3.7 to + 1.6 but a little variable ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) i ratios between 0.7021 and 0.7074, indicative of formation from primary magmas generated from a dominantly juvenile lower crust source derived from depleted mantle, despite diverse consequent processes (e.g., magma mixing, fractional crystallization and crustal contamination) during their evolution. The Pb isotopes (whole rock) also show a narrow range of initial compositions, with ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb) i = 18.03–18.88, ( 207 Pb/ 204 Pb) i = 15.48–15.58 and ( 208 Pb/ 204 Pb) i = 37.72–38.28, in agreement with Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes reflecting the dominance of a mantle component. An integration of geochronological and isotopic data points to three stages of Mo mineralization events (i.e., Triassic, Late Jurassic, and Early Cretaceous) associated with magmas generated from three different source regions in the Xilamulun district, NE China. The variation in the origin of the magmas from which the porphyry Mo systems were generated suggests that the formation of Mo deposit lies not in the composition of magma sources. Other factors, including high magma oxygen fugacity, may have taken a fundamental role in Mo enrichment and subsequent mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I use a transborder lens to investigate the region encompassed by the Russian Far East, northeast China, eastern Mongolia, northern Korea, and the Sea of Japan. We need to transcend the framework of nation-states and restore the region's historical agency in a broader geographic, geopolitical, and economic context. We also need to view the socioeconomic development of the area in terms of a protracted process in which various indigenous groups played crucial roles. Recognizing the historical dynamic of this region helps to reconceptualize its present and future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To select elite materials, the growth traits of 32 Betula platyphylla clones at three separated northern sites in Northeast China were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences among all variation sources in the different investigated traits (P < 0.01). Except for the carbon contents, all the coefficients of phenotypic variation of the other investigated traits were higher than 10%. The repeatability of different traits ranged from 0.760 to 0.998. Correlation analysis showed that tree height were significantly correlated with diameter at breast height, but neither was significantly correlated with leaf traits nor element contents. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interactions were significantly different in diameter at breast height, which indicated that environment had a significant effect on genotype. Comprehensive assessment results showed that three clones with high and stable diameters at breast height were selected, and the genetic gains of diameter at breast height on sites Maoershan, Qingan, and Yongji were 21.24%, 20.58%, and 38.65%, respectively. The results could provide a theoretical basis for elite clone selection in B. platyphylla and other broad leaved species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of my presentation is to give an overview of the Shinehen Buryat people, their language and its present linguistic situation. Šenexēnei buryād , i.e. 'the Buryats of Shinehen Region' live in the northeastern part of the Inner Mongolia, China, in the Hulun Buir Province in Manchuria. In 2019, I had a great opportunity to visit them and collect some linguistic material. Today the Shinekhen Buryats are the strongest and most vigorous community in Hulun Buir. The Shinekhen Buryat people were able to preserve not only their culture, religion and a traditional way of life, but also their language, even more so than the Buryat people in Buryatia, Russia. Linguistically, the Shinekhen Buryat variety belongs to the Aga sub-dialect of Khori Buryat dialect, which can be proved by the almost identical phonetic, morphological and syntactic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decadal to centennial land use and land cover change has been consistently singled out as a key element and an important driver of global environmental change, playing an essential role in balancing energy use. Understanding long-term human-environment interactions requires historical reconstruction of past land use and land cover changes. Most of the existing historical reconstructions have insufficient spatial and thematic detail and do not consider various land change types. In this context, this paper explored the possibility of using a cellular automata-Markov model in 90 m × 90 m spatial resolution to reconstruct historical land use in the 1930s in Zhenlai County, China. Then the three-map comparison methodology was employed to assess the predictive accuracy of the transition modeling. The model could produce backward projections by analyzing land use changes in recent decades, assuming that the present land use pattern is dynamically dependent on the historical one. The reconstruction results indicated that in the 1930s most of the study area was occupied by grasslands, followed by wetlands and arable land, while other land categories occupied relatively small areas. Analysis of the three-map comparison illustrated that the major differences among the three maps have less to do with the simulation model and more to do with the inconsistencies among the land categories during the study period. Different information provided by topographic maps and remote sensing images must be recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To learn the effects of climate change on cultivation patterns of spring maize and its suitability will benefit the strategic decisions for future agricultural adaptation. In this paper, based on the daily data from 68 meteorological stations and 82 agro-meteorological observation stations in Northeast China between 1961 and 2010, the cultivation pattern of spring maize and its climatic suitability in Northeast China were investigated. The agricultural climatic suitability theory was applied. The specific growth phases of spring maize that were most sensitive to environmental limitations were further divided into four stages: from germination to emergence, from emergence to jointing, from jointing to tasseling, and from tasseling to maturity. The average resource suitability index ( I sr ) was established to evaluate the effects. Higher values of I sr indicate a higher degree of climatic resource suitability. Over the past five decades, the northern planting boundaries of different maturities (late, medium-late, medium, medium-early and early) of spring maize varieties in Northeast China all markedly extended northward and eastward. Of all the varieties, the medium-late maturity variety had the most expanded planting area. This further illustrated the importance of promoting medium-late range heat-tolerant cultivars of spring maize in reducing the unfavorable effect of climate change in the near future in Northeast China. In addition, the most significant extension was found in the early 21st century. Moreover, the southern planting boundaries of unsuitable planting spring maize areas continually compressed northward from the Tonghe County of Heilongjiang Province (128°49′, 46°21′) to the Huma County of Heilongjiang Province (124°11′, 51°26′). Climate change affected not only the planting patterns of spring maize, but also the climatic suitability of spring maize. Significant temporal and spatial changes of I sr from 1961 to 2010 were found. The I sr showed increasing trends, which increased by 0.19 in Heilongjiang Province, 0.16 in Jilin Province and 0.12 in Liaoning Province. Spatial differences of I sr were obvious, with high values shifting northeastward over the past 50 years, indicating more efficient suitability of agricultural climatic resources in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mongol–Okhotsk suture belt played an important role in the tectonic evolution of northeast Asia during the Mesozoic. However, few studies have examined the influence of this tectonic belt on the geological evolution of northeast China. In this paper, we present zircon U–Pb geochronology, major and trace element geochemistry, and zircon Hf–O isotopic data for Early Jurassic volcanic rocks in the Erguna Massif of northeast China, with the aim of constraining the evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk suture belt and its influence on the tectonic history of China during the Early Jurassic. Zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the trachybasalt and basaltic andesite in the study area were erupted between 193 ± 5 Ma and 181 ± 9 Ma (i.e., in the Early Jurassic). These Early Jurassic volcanic rocks belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements, as well as being depleted in heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements such as Nb and Ta. The rocks show a small negative Eu anomaly. The zircon εHf (182 Ma) values of the volcanic rocks range from − 1.9 to + 5.1, corresponding to T DM1 values of 640–901 Ma and T DM2 values of 901–1345 Ma. Zircons from two volcanic rocks yield δ 18 O values of 7.2‰ ± 1.5‰ (n = 19) and 6.6‰ ± 0.7‰ (n = 35). Geochemically, these Early Jurassic volcanic rocks are similar to those from active continental margin settings, and their primary magmas could have been derived from the partial melting of a lithospheric mantle wedge modified by fluid from a subducted slab. The discovery of Early Jurassic calc-alkaline volcanic rocks in the Erguna Massif, together with the coeval porphyry Cu–Mo deposits, indicates that an active continental margin existed in the Erguna area during the Early Jurassic. Taken together, we conclude that southward subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic plate took place beneath the Erguna Massif during the Early Jurassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the structures of external costs are built in line with coal-fired and biomass power plant life cycle activities in Northeast China. The external cost of coal-fired and biomass power plants was compared, using the lifecycle approach. In addition, the external costs of a biomass power plant are calculated for each stage for comparison with those of a coal-fired power plant. The results highlight that the external costs of a coal-fired plant are 0.072 US $/kWh, which are much higher than that of a biomass power plant, 0.00012 US$/kWh. The external cost of coal-fired power generation is as much as 90% of the current price of electricity generated by coal, while the external cost of a biomass power plant is 1/1000 of the current price of electricity generated by biomass. In addition, for a biomass power plant, the external cost associated with SO2, NOX, and PM2.5 are particularly lower than those of a coal-fired power plant. The prospect of establishing precise estimations for external cost mechanisms and sustainable energy policies is discussed to show a possible direction for future energy schemes in China. The paper has significant value for supporting the biomass power industry and taxing or regulating coal-fired power industry to optimize the energy structure in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship among the population, economy and water resources is complex, and the contradictions and conflicts will appear and aggravate with the rapid development of economy and society in Northeast China. Based on the statistical analysis of the available data, this paper depicted the static distribution characteristics of the population, economy and water resources of Northeast China in 2011. It was found that the spatial distribution of the population, economy and water resources was unbalanced in Northeast China. The water resources mismatched with the population and economy. The population and economy were relatively dense and developed in the southwestern part of Northeast China respectively, while the water resources was relatively scarce. However, the situations in the northern part of Northeast China were opposite to those in the southwestern part. The population-economy inconsistence indexes of the cities in northern part of Northeast China showed a significant trend of spatial aggregation and heterogeneity. The cities with lower (<1.5) and higher (>1) inconsistence indexes all faced the problem of water resources shortage. Applying geometric gravity center method and grey correlation model, the result indicated that there was relatively high spatial relevance and the relative deviation among the spatial dynamic distributions of the population, economy and water resources was large. The gravity centers of economy and per capita average annual total water resources moved westward, while the gravity center of population gravity center moved eastward in the period of 1997–2011 in Northeast China. It must be noted that, the migration trend of the economy gravity center was more significant than those of the population and water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports new zircon LA–ICP–MS and SIMS U–Pb ages and Hf isotope data, and whole-rock major and trace element data for Late Triassic igneous rocks of eastern Heilongjiang Province, NE China. These data provide new insights into the timing of the initiation of subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent. The zircon U–Pb age data indicate that a suite of Late Triassic (228–202 Ma) igneous rocks is present within the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range Massif and within the western margin of the Khanka Massif. The Late Triassic igneous rocks within the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range Massif consist of basalts, basaltic andesites, gabbro-diabases, and rhyolites, whereas coeval igneous rocks in the western margin of the Khanka Massif consist of hornblende gabbros and syenogranitic porphyries. These Late Triassic rocks constitute a geochemically bimodal igneous rock association that contains mafic rocks enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE), and depleted in heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, and Ti. Zircons from these mafic rocks have ε Hf ( t ) values and T DM1 ages of +2.8 to +9.8 and 477–733 Ma, respectively, suggesting that they formed from a primary magma generated by the partial melting of depleted lithospheric mantle material that had been previously modified by subduction-related fluids. The coeval felsic rocks are characterized by enrichments in LREEs and LILEs, and depletions in HREEs and HFSEs (including Nb, Ta, and Ti), and their zircons have ε Hf ( t ) values and T DM2 ages of +0.6 to +7.9 and 766 to 1461 Ma, respectively, implying that these rocks were generated during the partial melting of juvenile crustal material. The Late Triassic bimodal igneous rocks in eastern Heilongjiang Province, combined with the regional geologic information, therefore record a post-orogenic extensional environment related to the final late Permian–Early Triassic closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. In addition, the presence of Late Triassic bimodal igneous rocks within the eastern margin of the Eurasian continent suggests that the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent began after the Late Triassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We undertook zircon U-Pb dating and geochemical analyses of volcanic rocks from the Baiyingaolao Formation in the central Great Xing'an Range, northeastern China, with an aim to determine their age, petrogenesis and sources, which are important for understanding the Late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern section of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Lithologically, the Baiyingaolao Formation is composed mainly of rhyolites and rhyolitic tuffs, with minor trachy dacites. The zircons from three rhyolitic tuffs and two rhyolites are euhedral-subhedral in shape, display fine-scale oscillatory growth zoning and have high Th/U ratios (0.72-2.60), indicating a magmatic origin. The results of LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicate that the volcanic rocks from the Baiyingaolao Formation in the study area formed during the Early Cretaceous time with ages of 134-130 Ma. Petrological and geochemical characteristics of these volcanic rocks suggest that they are all highly fractionated I-type igneous rocks, and their parental magmas were likely derived from the partial melting of lower crustal materials with plagioclase, hornblende and apatite as the residual phases. In addition, the volcanics sampled in this paper, tectonically located in the Xing'an terrain, have high initial 176Hf/177Hf ratios (0.282770-0.283035) and positive εHf(t) values (2.42-11.96), combined with young Hf two-stage model ages of 1134-541 Ma, reflecting that the crustal growth of the Xing'an terrain occurred during Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic times. These data, combined with previous studies on the contemporaneous magma-tectonic activities in NE China, suggest that the generation of the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the central Great Xing'an Range was related to the lithospheric delamination caused by the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The concept of Pacific slab subduction has been advocated in many popular models as the main cause for lithospheric delamination in the eastern part of the North China Craton since Mesozoic. This process is considered to have induced extensional tectonics generating the Songliao Basin and widespread magma intrusion and eruption. In this paper, we used H-κ and CCP (common-conversion-point) stacking technique of receiver function to characterize the crustal structure and upper mantle discontinuities in this region. Seismic evidence from our results present a different perspective suggesting mantle plume, continental rifting process and magmatic underplating in this region. A projection of the proposed plume onto the surface overlaps with the locations of the lithosphere and crustal thinning as well as the mafic–ultramafic domains. We therefore propose that an upwelling mantle plume and related extension might have been the main trigger for the formation of the Mesozoic Songliao Basin in NE China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we present new zircon U–Pb dating, Hf isotope, major and trace elements, and Sr–Nd isotope data for Early–Middle Triassic intrusive rocks in the Erguna Massif of NE China, in the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Our aim is to elucidate the tectonic evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean and its influence on NE China. Zircons from five representative intrusions in the Erguna Massif are euhedral–subhedral in shape, display oscillatory growth zoning in CL images, and have Th/U ratios of 0.17–1.54, and in combination these features indicate that the zircons are of igneous origin. Zircon U–Pb dating results demonstrate that the Early–Middle Triassic magmatism in the Erguna Massif took place between 241 and 247Ma. The Early–Middle Triassic rocks are composed mainly of a suite of diorites, quartz–diorites, granodiorites, monzogranites, and syenogranites. They have SiO2 =57.71–72.86wt.%, Mg#=19–52, Al2O3 =14.27–17.23wt.%, and Na2O/K2O=0.67–1.59. Chemically, they are metaluminous to peraluminous and belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series. Moreover, they are enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements, and depleted in heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti). The whole-rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values of these samples range from −4.68 to −3.42, and from −2.0 to +6.6, respectively, indicative of formation from primary magmas generated by partial melting of juvenile crustal material with a contribution from mantle-derived mafic magmas. These magmas subsequently underwent fractional crystallization, contamination, and magma mixing. Geochemically, these Early–Middle Triassic intrusive rocks have affinities with intrusive rocks from active continental margin settings. We conclude, therefore, that the Early–Middle Triassic magmatism in the Erguna Massif was generated within an active continental margin setting related to the southwards subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic plate beneath the Erguna Massif. This conclusion is supported by the occurrence of Early Mesozoic porphyry and skarn deposits along the southeastern side of the Mongol–Okhotsk suture belt. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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This article addresses population movements across the Amur and the Ussuri River borders between Russia and China. It analyses the history of border crossing in this region from Russia's acquisition of the Amur and Maritime provinces from the Qing Empire in 1860 to the present time, with a focus on the 1920s and 1930s. The article's first part demonstrates that the movement of people (settlers, work migrants, refugees) across the two river borders went in both directions. The second part asks when the formerly porous river borders became sealed through strengthened military control. By analysing the mechanics of border crossing, such as the clandestine passages of Mennonites, a Russian–German Protestant sect, from Soviet territory into Chinese Manchuria over the Amur in 1929 and 1930, as well as the escape stories of other refugees from the Soviet Union, the article shows in its third part that the 'sealed' borders could nonetheless be transgressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the influence and mechanism of Japanese imperialism by examining red brick building in Manchuria (Northeast China). Manchuria's extreme climate and geography led Japanese experts to work with Chinese brick masons. They absorbed Chinese laborers and artisans' vernacular knowledge, translating it into their technical expertise and rebranding it as part of their technological superiority. Studying documents in Russian, Japanese, and Chinese reveals that technology transfer is an interactive yet uneven process between various actors and the environment. This article further complicates the depiction of Japanese imperialism in Northeast China, arguing that imperialism builds on an appropriation and erasure of local knowledge. At the intersection of imperialism and nationalism, red brick became the staple building material in Northeast China, influencing how people build there even today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To analyze the status of reticuloendotheliosis (RE) infection of wild birds in China, 585 samples from wild birds collected in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces China were investigated and analyzed. The sampled birds represent 3 orders and more than 40 species. Virus isolation and PCR amplification showed that some of the wild birds were infected with REV, and 10 REV strains were isolated. The gp90 gene from each of the 10 REV strains was amplified, cloned, and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated that the gp90 genes of the 10 REV strains isolated in this study were more similar at the nucleotide level with the northeast Chinese strains HLJR0901 and HLJR0801 and some REV strains found in the US and Taiwan than with the early Chinese REV isolate HA9901. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the gp90 genes of the 10 REV strains were more similar to the REV subtype III-representing strain (CSV) than to strains 170A (subtype I) or SNV (subtype II). This is the first study to investigate the status of wild birds infected with REV. The results of this paper will not only provide necessary information for further understanding the evolution of REV, but they also identify the potential role of wild birds in REV transmission and furthers our understanding of the ecology of REV in wild bird species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Liaoning province, located in Northeast China – one of China''s three most wind-rich areas, possesses abundant wind resources. Along with China''s rapid development of wind power in recent years, the issue of how to integrate more wind power to the grid, and how to balance the conflict between pollutant and GHG emission reduction and economic cost increase by dispatch model adjustment becomes a big challenge. Based on the GAMS simulation method, by using the real data of thermal power units, wind power and hydropower generation, and load in Liaoning province, this paper studies a joint environmental and economic power dispatch considering wind power integration at valley load and peak load. The results show that the pumped storage power station played an important role in promoting wind power integration. And the power dispatch across thermal power, wind power and hydropower is more favorable than the power dispatch only across thermal power and wind power in terms of reducing pollutant and GHG emission. It is also proved that a comparatively better environmental improvement can be made at a relatively lower economic loss by a joint environmental and economic dispatch across thermal, wind and hydropower. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The ostracod genus Cypridea Bosquet, which ranges in age from Kimmeridgian to Lower Eocene, frequently occurs abundantly in the Jianshangou and Jinggangshan beds of the Yixian Formation in western Liaoning, northeast China. However, the diversity of species has been considerably overestimated for many years, and this has led to a series of problems concerning taxonomic subdivision and stratigraphic correlation. Based on a large quantity of fossil material and more detailed descriptions of the morphological features, all of the published species of Cypridea from the Jianshangou and Jinggangshan beds are revised in this paper. As a result, 14 species erected previously are merged into three taxa: Cypridea liaoningensis, C. jingangshanensis and C. deplecta. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To evaluate contamination caused by petroleum, surface soil samples were collected from both upland and paddy fields along the irrigation canals in the Hunpu wastewater irrigation region in northeast China. N-alkanes, terpanes, steranes, and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) in the surface soil samples were analyzed. The aliphatic hydrocarbon concentration was highest in the samples obtained from the upland field near an operational oil well; it was lowest at I-3P where wastewater irrigation promoted the downward movement of hydrocarbons. The Hunpu region was found contaminated by heavy petroleum from oxic lacustrine fresh water or marine deltaic source rocks. Geochemical parameters also indicated significantly heavier contamination and degradation in the upland fields compared with the paddy fields. Principal component analysis based on PLFA showed various microbial communities between petroleum contaminated upland and paddy fields. Gram-negative bacteria indicated by 15:0, 30H 12:0, and 16:1(9) were significantly higher in the paddy fields, whereas Gram-positive bacteria indicated by i16:0 and 18:1(9)c were significantly higher in the upland fields (p < 0.05). These PLFAs were related to petroleum contamination. Poly-unsaturated PLFA (18:2ω6, 9; indicative of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and fungi) was also significantly elevated in the upland fields. This paper recommends more sensitive indicators of contamination and degradation of petroleum in soil. The results also provide guidelines on soil pollution control and remediation in the Hunpu region and other similar regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we present U–Pb age data of detrital and magmatic zircons from sedimentary and volcanic rocks in the Zhangguangcailing Group (ZG), NE China, to constrain the tectonic evolution of the region as a whole. The ZG consists of slightly metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks, and from bottom to top is divided into the Zhenggou, Hongguang, and Xinxing suites. Zircons from three schists in the Zhenggou suite give 12 main groups of age populations (from 226 to 861Ma), whereas zircons from a basaltic andesite give a Late Triassic age (211±2Ma). In the Hongguang suite, zircons from two schists and a greywacke give 6 main groups, 5 main groups, and 3 main groups of age populations (from 262 to 916Ma), respectively, whereas zircons from a gabbro–diorite and two volcanic rocks give ages of 259, 219, and 317Ma, respectively. Zircons from a schist in the Xinxing suite give 12 main groups of age populations (from 284 to 1837Ma). These results, together with the field relationships of the rocks, indicate (1) that the sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the ZG have diverse ages (from Early Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic), (2) that the rocks do not lie in a logical stratigraphic sequence, and (3) that the rocks represent a tectonic mélange. Based on the youngest age (211Ma) for volcanic rocks within the ZG, and the age of deformation (174–184Ma) of the Heilongjiang Complex, we propose that the tectonic mélange formed during the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic. Furthermore, the occurrence of detrital zircons with ages of 0.8–0.9, 1.8, and 2.4–2.5Ga implies the existence of Neoproterozoic magmatism and the remnants of a Precambrian basement in the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range Massif, NE China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The basement of the Argun massif in the northern Great Hinggan Range consists of the metamorphic supracrustal rocks of the Xinghuadukou Group and associated granitic complexes. The metamorphic supracrustal rocks were previously interpreted as Paleoproterozoic, while the granitic complexes were considered Mesoproterozoic in age. This paper presents new zircon LA-MC-ICP-MS U–Pb ages of biotite-plagioclase leptynite and biotite schist from the Xinghuadukou Group in the Lulin Forest area, Heilongjiang Province; zircon SHRIMP U–Pb ages of biotite-plagioclase gneiss from the Xinghuadukou Group in Lulin Forest; and quartz diorite and monzogranite from the granitic complexes in Mohe County, Heilongjiang Province. New geochronological data from the three metasedimentary rock samples of the Xinghuadukou Group can be preliminarily divided into five groups: (1) 2017–2765Ma, (2) 1736–1942Ma, (3) 1359–1610Ma, (4) 749–1239Ma, and (5) 448–716Ma. Except for the zircons of the 448–716Ma group belonging to a metamorphic origin, the other age groups had the youngest age of 749±17Ma, indicating that the Xinghuadukou Group formed during the Neoproterozoic era (at least <749Ma). These detrital zircon ages cluster at ca. 2.0–1.8Ga and ca. 1.0–0.80Ga, suggesting that the Argun massif had connections with both Columbia and Rodinia and implying that the provenance of the Xinghuadukou Group metamorphosed sediments must be characteristic of felsic–intermediate igneous rocks with ages of ca. 2.0–1.8Ga and ca. 1.0–0.80Ga. The quartz diorite and monzogranite from the granitic complexes of the basement within the Argun massif yielded weighted mean ages of 516±10Ma and 504±9Ma, respectively, indicating that these rocks emplaced in the Early Paleozoic. Considering the geochemical and chronological data together, we propose that the Xinghuadukou Group was most likely deposited in a back-arc basin environment, whereas the granitic complexes emplaced in a post-collisional setting. A wide age spectrum of detrital zircons ranging from 749±9 to 2765±11Ma with ages clustering approximately 2.0–1.8Ga and 1.0–0.80Ga suggests that the basement rocks of the Argun massif are chiefly composed of the Neoproterozoic metasedimentary sequence and Early Paleozoic granitic complexes, with a few Meso- to Paleoproterozoic and even Neoarchean metamorphic rocks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To learn the historical response of cropping system to climate change will benefit the strategy decision of future cropping adaptation. In this paper, we conducted an integrated analysis of the climate records of seventy-two meteorological stations and the records of crop yields over the period 1970–2009 in Northeast China. It was found that over these forty years, the daily mean, maximum and minimum temperatures during crop growing season increased on average by 0.34°C, 0.28°C, 0.43°C every ten years, respectively. No significant change in the precipitation was found, although the differences between years were large. After de-trending the agronomic technique contributions to the increments of crop yields, the historical warming had led to great annually increments of 16.6kgha−1, 15.5kgha−1 and 3.2kgha−1 in rice, corn and soybean yields, respectively. According to the historical warming level, present cropping boundaries can be theoretically extended northward about 80km with a prolonged growing period by 10 days compared to the 1970s. Actually, the growth durations of newly approved varieties of rice, corn and soybean have really prolonged by 14.0 days, 7.0 days and 2.7 days since the 1950s, respectively. The actual growing periods of rice and corn have also respectively prolonged by 6 days and 4 days due to the adjustment of sown and harvest dates by the farmer since 1990s. The existing rice cropping region has been extended northward 80km in the 2006 compared to the 1970. These actual responses were consistent with the theoretical calculation according to the historical warming trends. Our results demonstrate that cropping system owns the potential to progressively and actively adapt to the global warming for high yield through a comprehensive strategy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Large numbers of groundstone tools have been uncovered from archaeological sites in the Early Neolithic period in China. Traditionally they are often regarded as agricultural tools for processing cereals. In this paper we report preliminary starch grain analysis of groundstone tools from Baiyinchanghan site to gain a better understanding of use of these tools in the Northeast China. We found that starch grains on these groundstone tools are most likely from Quercus sp. The result of this study indicates that many groundstone tools for the Early Neolithic period were used to process wild and domesticated plants alike. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Vertical distributions of air pollutants are crucial for understanding the key processes of atmospheric transport and for evaluating chemical transport models. In this paper, we present measurements of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and halocarbons obtained from an intensive aircraft study over northeast (NE) China in summer 2007. Most compounds exhibited a typical negative profile of decreasing mixing ratios with increasing altitude, although the gradients differed with different species. Three regional plumes with enhanced VOC mixing ratios were discerned and characterized. An aged plume transported from the northern part of the densely populated North China Plain (NCP; i.e. Beijing–Tianjin area) showed relatively higher levels of HCFC-22, 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) and toluene. In comparison, the plume originating from Korea had higher abundances of CFC-12, tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl), while regional air masses from NE China contained more abundant light alkanes. By comparing these results with the earlier PEM-West B (1994) and TRACE-P (2001) aircraft measurements, continuing declining trends were derived for methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3), tetrachloromethane (CCl4) and C2Cl4 over the greater China–northwestern Pacific region, indicating the accomplishment of China in reducing these compounds under the Montreal protocol. However, the study also provided evidence for the continuing emissions of several halocarbons in China in 2007, such as CFCs (mainly from materials in stock) and HCFCs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To accurately model the regional climatic effects of land use/cover change processes, precise reconstructions of historical land cover are essential. Over the past 300 years, the northeastern region has undergone more significant land cover change than any other region in China owing to large numbers of farmer migrants from North China, reflecting the tremendous effects human activities can have on such changes. In this paper, based on official statistical data, documentary records, survey data. and modern remote-sensing data and vegetation and soil maps, land cover changes across Northeast China over the past 300 years have been reconstructed through cropland data calibrations using correlation analysis, potential vegetation reconstructions, urban area estimations, spatial analyses of land cover type changes by K-mean clustering analysis, and consideration of land use driving forces. The results indicate that cropland expanded gradually from south to north through the cities of Shenyang, Jilin, and Ha'erbin as well as out to the margins of the central plain of Northeast China, with a maximum expansion occurring in the 1950s. Pristine forests and grasslands diminished significantly, especially in the early twentieth century, due to this expansion of cropland. The conclusions drawn from these results are, first, that these results provide a scientific understanding of the process by which the original land cover was replaced by cropland in Northeast China over the past 300 years. Second, the results enabled the development of a series of land use/cover changes maps with 50-100 year time resolutions and county-level spatial resolutions. Based on the reconstructed results of these land cover type changes, the dynamics and causes of land cover changes are discussed in their social-historical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 density can arise from static pressure fluctuations but their effect on the long-term eddy covariance (EC) CO2 flux measurement is poorly known. In this paper, we report the results of a 1-year direct measurement of the static pressure fluctuations and the velocity–pressure covariance over a mixed forest in Northeast China. The results show that the pressure–vertical velocity covariance was primarily controlled by friction velocity and air stability. Without the pressure correction, the open-path EC measurement of the nighttime ecosystem respiration was biased low and that of the daytime photosynthetic CO2 uptake was biased high. Over the 1-year measurement period, the cumulative pressure correction was 40gCm−2, which was about 20% of the annual net ecosystem production of this forest. Using the friction velocity data found in the literature, we estimated the magnitudes of the pressure correction for the major ecosystem types in the long-term global EC network (FluxNet). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial distribution of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is essential in water resources planning and management, especially in semi-arid areas. In this paper, a digital elevation model is used in an `interpolate-then-calculate' approach to calculating the spatially distributed ET0 using the physically based Penman-Monteith equation in the Taoer river basin in China. The results show the following. (1) Of 11 interpolation methods, the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method was found to be best for interpolating wind speed and a tn-variate secondary trend surface method was found most suitable for interpolating mean air temperature and relative humidity. Spatial modelling of the radiation environment considered the effects of elevation, slope and aspect. (2) Monthly values in January for the three meteorological variables showed larger spatial variations than in July, and just the reverse of net surface radiation. (3) The resulting ET0 calculated at each grid cell with 200m resolution and its spatial variation showed strong seasonal variation. Lower ET0 was found in high-elevation southern Great Xingan mountains in the northwest basin, while higher values were located in the plains adjacent to the lower reach. (4) The ET0 distribution by the `interpolate-then-calculate' approach better reflected the effects of topography than that of the `calculate-then-interpolate' approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is devoted to an overview on fossil Coleoptera studied from Inner Mongolia, Daohugou (Middle Jurassic, Jiulongshan Formation) and Liaoning (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous, Yixian Formation) deposited in Chinese collections. As a result, species of the tribe Sperchopsini and Hydrophilini from Hydrophilidae, families and subfamilies Silphidae, Syndesinae from Lucanidae, Pleocomidae, Trogidae, Trogissitidae, Pyrochroidae, Diaperinae from Tenebrionidae, and Cerambycidae were first registered in the Mesozoic and some families were defined as new. It was shown that many superfamilies represented in the Recent Fauna were formed within the Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. The materials examined confirm the hypothesis that Cucujiformian beetles are a younger group than other infraordera of Polyphaga (Staphyliniformia and Elateriformia) and, therefore, they appeared in the fossil record only in the late Mesozoic. It was shown and confirmed that most superfamilies appeared in the fossil records before Cucujoidea. The synonymy of Notocupes Ponomarenko, 1964; Sinocupes Lin, 1976, syn. nov.; Amblomma Tan, Ren et Liu 2005, syn. nov.; Euryomma Tan, Ren et Shih, 2006, syn. nov., non Stein, 1899 and Ovatocupes Tan et Ren, 2006, syn. nov.; synonymy of Tetraphalerus Waterhouse, 1901 and Odontomma Tan, Ren et Ge 2006, syn. nov.; and synonymy of Priacmopsis Ponomarenko, 1966 and Latocupes Tan et Ren, 2006, syn. nov. are proposed. Sinorhombocoleus papposus Tan et Ren, 2009 is transferred from the family Rhombocoleidae to Schizophoridae. Cervicatinius complanus Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007 and Forticatinius elegans Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007 are transferred from the family Catiniidae (suborder Archostemata) to superfamily Cleroidea (suborder Polyphaga: first among the family Peltidae and second as a closely related group to the latter family). The family Parandrexidae is transferred from the superfamily Cucujoidea to Cleroidea. The ecological circumstances of the past ecosystems and hypotheses of historical development of the order Coleoptera are discussed. The age of faunas examined is considered. The list of the taxa described from Daohugou and Liaoning is compiled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recent studies have highlighted the long-distance transport of obsidian from the Paektusan (Tianchi or Baitoushan in Chinese) volcano on the border between China and North Korea to eastern Russia and Korea, but little is known about the role of the local population in the production and movement or exchange of this important raw material. This paper addresses this data lacuna by presenting sourcing results of 440 artifacts from 18 Late Paleolithic sites located in northeast China. A portable XRF enabled rapid non-destructive characterization of samples. The results show that although Paektusan obsidian was widely transported throughout northeast Asia, material from at least three other sources was also used. In particular, we highlight the significance of basaltic glass artifacts with the same geochemistry as sources found in the Primorye region of Far East Russia in sites from northeast China. This result indicates a two-way movement of volcanic glass artifacts between Primorye and the northeast of China rather than a unidirectional long-distance exchange system originating from Paektusan Volcano. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Surface water and sediment samples concurrently collected in Songhua River in northeastern China from May to October 2006 were analyzed for Dechlorane Plus (DP), a chlorinated flame retardant. Samples were obtained from three main areas: SHR-Rul (rural area of Songhua River), SHR-Hrb (the section of the river within the city of Harbin), and Hrb (urban waters of Harbin). The majority of SHR-Rul water samples (85%) and SHR-Hrb water samples (73%) and 33% of urban water samples (Hrb) were below the detection limit. The mean water DP concentration in Hrb (0.55 ± 0.81 ng L-1) was approximately 3 times greater than the levels measured in SHR-Hrb (0.17 ± 0.38 ng L-1) and more than 15 times greater than the levels measured in SHR-Rul (0.03 ± 0.07 ng L-1). DP detection rates in sediment samples were 50% (Hrb), 100% (SHR-Hrb), and 78% (SHR-Rul). The mean sediment DP concentration in SHR-Hrb (0.11 ± 0.05 ng g-1) was approximately three times greater than that in SHR-Rul (0.04 ± 0.05 ng g-1). These DP concentrations are likely attributable to local sources in urban areas rather than distant sources via long-range transport. The mean fractional abundance of the syn isomer of DP (fsyn) was 0.34 ± 0.10 in all water samples, a value indistinguishable from that of a commercial mixture (fsyn = 0.35), indicating the source was local. The mean fsyn value of 0.23 ± 0.06 in all sediment samples suggested a stereoselective depletion of syn-DP relative to the anti-DP isomer in sediments. To our knowledge, this paper represents the first report of DP concentrations in Chinese water and sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper discusses migration styles and primary controls of petroleum migration pathways in heterogeneous carrier beds in the Damintun Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. There are two types of crude oils in the Damintun Depression: a high wax oil (wax hydrocarbon content between 8 and 60%) and a normal oil (wax hydrocarbon content lower than 8%). The high wax oil and normal oil are distinctly different both in biomarker compositions and in distribution patterns of carbon isotopic ratios for individual alkanes, and were confirmed to have been generated from different source rocks. Modeling of secondary migration pathways of both the high wax oil and the normal oil was conducted using a simple three-dimensional model, which assumes that the positions of petroleum migration pathways are controlled by the morphology of the sealing surfaces without taking into consideration the influence of permeability heterogeneity (the morphology-controlled migration model). The modeling results have reasonably well predicted the occurrences of both the high wax oil and the normal oil. All commercial petroleum accumulations are along the predicted preferential petroleum migration pathways (PPMP) formed by focusing of numerous “small petroleum streams” close to the kitchens. The focusing of oils originating from a large area of the generative kitchens is essential for the formation of large oilfields. The strong porosity and permeability heterogeneities of the carrier beds, and the relatively high prediction accuracy of the modeling, suggest that the preferential petroleum migration pathways, although influenced by permeability contrast at local scales, can be effectively predicted at a basin or depression scale under certain circumstances using a model that does not take into consideration the effect of heterogeneity. Most dry holes are not on the predicted petroleum migration pathways, suggesting that the three-dimensional migration pathway modeling may provide a useful tool to reduce exploration risk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Studies of historical change in cultivated land use in Northeast China have become important in the discussion of food supply safety and the reconstruction of land use/cover changes in China. This paper subjects a number of sources relating to land use change in the three provinces of Northeast China to comparative analysis. The data examined include Russian survey data (1914), data from local and regional Chinese governments during the Republic of China (1931), data from the Japanese Society of Manchuria Railway (SMR) for 1940 and various sets of contemporary Chinese data for the second half of the 20th century. A unified method of reconstructing the data and estimating the rate of cultivated land use change in Northeast China during the 20th century is developed here. A relational model is proposed for this purpose. It establishes a general framework for relating the various sets of data generated in different time periods and indicates ways in which the data have to be calibrated to ensure their comparability. The calibration of the data involves correlation and regression analysis. The results of the comparative analysis show that the area of and rate of change in cultivated land use in Northeast China increased until the last decade of the twentieth century. Increase rates were particularly high between 1914–1931 and 1950–1960. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Chinese kang is the most ancient heating system widely used in rural residences in cold regions of China, especially in Northeast China. Even though the outdoor air temperature is very low, the surface temperature of Chinese kang can still remain above 30°C. However, a comfort indoor thermal environment cannot be achieved by a Chinese kang alone. Passive solar heating techniques can be coupled with the Chinese kang to improve the indoor thermal conditions. In this study, two field surveys had been conducted in three residences in Dalian of Northeast China to investigate the thermal environments of rural residences with a coupled Chinese elevated kang and passive solar collecting wall heating system. Indoor thermal environments were evaluated with parameters of indoor air temperature and relative humidity, surface temperature of the kang plates, air temperature of the upper/lower vents in passive solar wall and human activities, etc. The description of this survey and the methodology of data analysis are described in details in this paper. The survey results objectively provide the preliminary information regarding the indoor thermal environment of new rural energy-saving residences in winter in Northeast China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper describes nine brachiopod species in eight genera from the Tumenling Formation in the Wuchang area, southern Heilongjiang, northeast China. The Tumenling fauna is constrained to a Wordian–Capitanian (Guadalupian, Middle Permian) age, based on the correlation of the faunas, and previously published data from the same horizons in the same area. This Middle Permian brachiopod fauna is characterized by an admixture of elements of Boreal affinity (Kochiproductus sp., Yakovlevia sp., Stenoscisma margaritovi, Gypospirifer volatilis, Spiriferella keilhavii, Spiriferella lita and Alispiriferella neimongolensis), with Palaeoequatorial forms (Spinomarginifera sp., Vediproductus sp., and Leptodus nobilis). The Wuchang fauna, as a whole, is comparable to several contemporaneous faunas described from Inner Mongolia in northern China, Jilin in Northeast China, South Primorye in eastern Russia, and the Hida Gaien Belt of Japan, in terms of its index elements and its Boreal–Palaeoequatorial mixture. During the Middle Permian these areas (or blocks) were referred to the Inner Mongolia–Japan transition zone or the northern transition zone between the Palaeoequatorial and Boreal Realms. The overwhelming majority of the Boreal elements reveal that the Wuchang area was probably situated in the northern subzone of this transitional zone, which belongs to the southern margin of the Bureya Block. These east and northeast Asian blocks acted as migratory stepping stones bridging faunal migration between the Palaeoequatorial and Boreal realms during the Middle Permian. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Palaeontological, lithostratigraphical data from the Permian strata and correlation of the Permian successions for different tectonic units in Northeast China are reviewed and summarized in this paper. Permian strata in Northeast China are dominated by brachiopods, fusulinoideans and land plants, with limited ammonoids, conodonts and bivalves. The Cisuralian (Early Permian) in the northern margin of the North China Block and in the Manchuride Belt is composed mostly of marine massive limestone with the characteristic Pseudoschwagerina Zone in the Asselian and Sakmarian and the Misellina claudiae Zone in the Kungurian. The Cisuralian in the Xing''an Block and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia is dominated by huge terrestrial deposits with fossil plants. The Guadalupian (Middle Permian) in the Manchuride, Altaid and Yanbian Belts are characterized by bi-temperate Roadian or early Wordian Monodiexodina fauna and the late Wordian–Capitanian Codonofusiella–Schwagerina or Neoschwagerina–Yabeina faunas, the mixed brachiopod faunas between the Boreal/antitropical and the Palaeoequatorial Cathaysian forms, the Roadian or early Wordian solitary coral faunas, and the late Wordian–Capitanian compound Waagenophyllum–Wentzelella fauna. The Nadanhada Terrane contains some exotic limestone blocks with a typical Cathaysian Neoschwagerina–Yabeina fauna in a Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous mélange, which is related to Mesozoic subduction in the western Circum-Pacific region. The Lopingian (Late Permian) in Northeast China is mostly characterized by terrestrial molasse deposits with a mixed flora between the Boreal Angaran and the palaeoequatorial Cathaysian Provinces, indicating the final closure of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Abstract: Jilin province is one of the main dryland grain production areas in China. Recently, limited supplemental irrigation, using groundwater in the semi-arid western area of the province, has developed rapidly to improve the low grain productivity caused by rainfall variability. Research was conducted to estimate the actual crop water requirements and identify the timing and magnitude of water deficits of the main crops such as corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Using the guidelines for computing crop water requirements in FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper 56 and historical rainfall distributions, the crop water requirements, ETc and the crop water deficits of corn, soybean and sorghum were calculated. Based on the water deficit analysis, a recommended average supplemental irrigation schedule was developed. Crop production was compared to full irrigation and to a rainfed control in a field experiment. On average, compared to the rainfed control, the full irrigation and the average supplemental irrigation treatments of corn, increased yields 49.0 and 43.9%, respectively; soybean yields of those treatments increased by 41.0 and 34.7%, and sorghum yields of those treatments increased by 55.5 and 46.3%. A supplemental irrigation schedule can be used in the semi-arid western Jilin province to improve crop yields. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Northeastern (NE) China is the easternmost part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), which is celebrated for its accretionary tectonics and the world''s most important juvenile crust production in the Phanerozoic era. Abundant granitoids occur in the Great Xing''an, Lesser Xing''an and Zhangguangcai Ranges in NE China. This paper presents partial results of a series of studies on the granitoids from this region, aiming to understand their role in the building of new continental crust in eastern Asia. Three composite granite plutons (Xinhuatun, Lamashan and Yiershi) were chosen for geochemical and isotopic study in order to determine their emplacement ages and petrogenesis. Petrographically, they range from granodiorite (minor), monzogranite, syenogranite to alkali-feldspar granite. Quartz and perthitic feldspar are principal phases, accompanied by minor amounts of plagioclase, biotite (<5%) and other accessory minerals. In addition, many contain abundant miarolitic cavities which suggest that they were emplaced at shallow levels with extensive fractional crystallization. Geochemically, the granites are silica-rich, peraluminous and have high contents of alkalis. They invariably show enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and significant negative Eu anomalies. All the granitic rocks demonstrate the characteristic negative anomalies in Ba, Nb, Sr, P, Eu, and Ti, and a positive anomaly in Pb in the spidergram.The emplacement of the Xinhuatun pluton took place at 184±4 Ma as revealed by zircon SHRIMP U–Pb data. This is also supported by the slightly younger Rb–Sr whole-rock (WR) isochron age of 173±3 Ma. A whole-rock (WR) Rb–Sr isochron age of 154±3 Ma was obtained for the Lamashan pluton, which is interpreted as close to the time of emplacement. The Yiershi pluton was intruded at about 140 Ma as evidenced by a zircon U–Pb age of 137±2 Ma and WR Rb–Sr isochron age of 143±5 Ma. Biotite-WR Rb–Sr isochrons and 40Ar/39Ar ages of feldspars allow us to estimate the cooling rate of each pluton.Geochemical data suggest that the rocks are highly fractionated I-type granites. Fractionation of biotite and feldspars was the principal process of magmatic differentiation and responsible for major element variation. Rb, Sr and Ba concentrations were controlled by feldspar separation, whereas REE elements were fractionated by accessory minerals, such as apatite, allanite and monazite. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Wudalianchi volcano is one of the youngest volcanic groups among the Cenozoic intraplate volcanoes in Northeast China and is notable for its potassium‐rich basalts. With newly deployed dense broadband seismic stations, we construct a high‐resolution 3‐D S‐wave velocity model of Wudalianchi volcano and its adjacent region, including the Keluo and Erkeshan volcanoes, using ambient noise and teleseismic surface wave tomography. We find a prominent channel‐like low‐velocity body that extends from the Moho to a depth of 100 km directly beneath the Wudalianchi, Erkeshan, and Keluo (WEK) volcanoes. This low‐velocity anomaly suggests that these three volcanoes may be derived from the same mantle magmatic source. Our model also shows that the prominent low‐velocity anomaly is associated with the pervasive low‐velocity anomalies at a depth of 100–200 km, which is interpreted as the asthenosphere. We further find that the lithosphere beneath the WEK volcanoes thickens abruptly from ∼80 to ∼110 km. Combining our results with those of other geophysical studies, we propose a geodynamic scenario for WEK intraplate volcanism. When the background asthenospheric flow in Northeast China encounters sharp changes in lithosphere thickness beneath the WEK volcanoes, it produces locally turbulent flow, promotes asthenospheric upwelling, and finally forms volcanoes. Plain Language Summary: Many Cenozoic volcanoes are distributed in Northeast China. However, the formation of these volcanoes is still unsolved. Among them, the Wudalianchi volcano is a special and has a different type of lava. The latest eruption of the Wudalinchi volcano occurred less than 300 years ago and was clearly recorded historically. In this study, we use the seismic tomography method to image the deep structure beneath the Wudalianchi volcano and its vicinities. The output images of the deep structure help us to determine the magma source and the location of magma chambers, which are not directly observed at the Earth's surface. Finally, we propose a new model about how the Wudalianchi volcano formed by compiling our tomographic results with those of previous studies. Key Points: We construct a high‐resolution 3‐D S‐wave velocity model of the crust and upper mantle of the Wudalianchi, Erkeshan, and Keluo (WEK) volcanic beltA channel‐like low‐velocity body in the lithospheric mantle can be interpreted as the mantle magma chamber and channelThe WEK volcanoes may be caused by turbulent upwelling when lateral asthenospheric flow encountered sudden lithospheric thickening [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians hold that to preserve the Manchu homeland the Qing court instituted a "policy of prohibition" (Ch: fengjin zhengce), forbidding Han immigrants from settling in the region until the final decades of its rule. Using Manchu-language archives from the garrison of Hunčun (Ch: Hunchun), this article questions whether such a prohibition guided local governance. In some jurisdictions in Manchuria, including in Hunčun, the Qing state did not always have an overarching policy towards Han migrants. Migration, in fact, was often less of a concern to the state than poaching. We can reassess the history of Manchuria accordingly. Modern historians have been preoccupied with the coming of Han migrants to Qing Manchuria; the Qing government in Hunčun was not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Mutations in GNAL have recently been identified as responsible for primary dystonia, however, GNAL mutations in Chinese patients with primary dystonia are not well characterized. Patients and methods: Fifty-nine unrelated patients with cervical onset or cervical involved primary dystonia and 120 neurologically normal controls from Northeast China without mutations of TOR1A and THAP1 were all screened for mutation of GNAL gene. Results: One subject with adult-onset generalized dystonia was found have a novel nonsense GNAL mutation (c.284C>T, p.Ser95X). Another subject with adult-onset cervical dystonia was found harbor the c.932-7T>G tentative splice site mutation. Although another seventeen sequence variants were identified in both patients and controls, no disease association was found among these sequence variants. Conclusions: Mutations in GNAL gene can cause adult-onset primary dystonia in Chinese patients, and the mutation frequency is 3.4% in cervical onset or cervical involved primary dystonia. This paper identifies the first case of GNAL dystonia in the Chinese population. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Discusses the climatic maps of proper China and Manchuria according to the Thornthwaite 1948 classification. Formula for computing the potential evapotranspiration; Presentation of climatic conditions; Classes of maps presented by Thornthwaite.

In this paper, we study the spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitable water, precipitation, evaporation, and water–vapor flux divergence in different seasons over northeast China and the water balance of that area. The data used in this paper is provided by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The results show that the spatial distributions of precipitable water, precipitation, and evaporation feature that the values of elements above in the southeastern area are larger than those in the northwestern area; in summer, much precipitation and evaporation occur in the Changbai Mountain region as a strong moisture convergence region; in spring and autumn, moisture divergence dominates the northeast of China; in winter, the moisture divergence and convergence are weak in this area. From 1979 to 2010, the total precipitation of summer and autumn in northeast China decreased significantly; especially from 1999 to 2010, the summer precipitation always demonstrated negative anomaly. Additionally, other elements in different seasons changed in a truly imperceptible way. In spring, the evaporation exceeded the precipitation in northeast China; in summer, the precipitation was more prominent; in autumn and winter, precipitation played a more dominating role than the evaporation in the northern part of northeast China, while the evaporation exceeded the precipitation in the southern part.The Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data have properly described the water balance of different seasons in northeast China. Based on ERA-Interim data, the moisture sinks computed through moisture convergence and moisture local variation are quite consistent with those computed through precipitation and evaporation, which proves that ERA-Interim data can be used in the research of water balance in northeast China. On a seasonal scale, the moisture convergence has a greater influence than the local moisture variation on a moisture sink, and the latter is variable slightly, generally as a constant. Likewise, in different seasons, the total precipitation has a much greater influence than the evaporation on the moisture sink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare) is powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Spring barley line 173‐1‐2 was selected from a Moroccan landrace and revealed broad‐spectrum resistance to powdery mildew. The objective of this study was to map and characterize the gene for seedling powdery mildew resistance in this line. After crossing with the susceptible cultivar 'Manchuria', genetic analysis of F2 and F3 families at the seedling stage revealed powdery mildew resistance in line 173‐1‐2 conditioned by a single recessive gene. Molecular analysis of non‐segregating homozygous resistant and homozygous susceptible F2 plants conducted on the DArTseq platform (Diversity Arrays Technology Pty Ltd) identified significant markers which were converted to allele‐specific PCR markers and tested among 94 F2 individuals. The new resistance gene was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 6H. No other powdery mildew recessive resistance gene has been located on 6H so far. Therefore, we concluded that the 173‐1‐2 barley line carries a novel recessive resistance gene designated as mlmr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]