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Background and aims Probability discounting refers to the effect of outcome uncertainty on decision making. Using probability discounting, we examined the degree to which self-identified chronic pain patients (CPP) were likely to try a novel analgesic medication given increasing addiction risk. We postulated that propensity for opioid misuse, trait impulsivity and previous opioid experience would be associated positively with likelihood of risky medication use. Design This cross-sectional on-line study determined state/trait associations with addiction-related medication decisions in CPP. Setting US-based CPP participated via Amazon Mechanical Turk; data were collected and analyzed in Baltimore, Maryland. Participants A total of 263 CPP (70.6% female) participated in the study from 12-13 December 2014. Measurements CPP responded to the Benefit versus Addiction Risk Questionnaire (BARQ) assessing likelihood of taking a hypothetical once-daily oral analgesic medication as a function of two factors: risk of addiction (0-50%) and duration of expected complete pain relief (3, 30 or 365 days). The primary outcome was the BARQ, quantified as area under the curve (AUC). Grouping of CPP at high or low risk for opioid misuse was based on the Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain-Revised (SOAPP-R). Predictors included previous experience with opioids, as well as various measures of chronic pain and mental health. Findings Across hypothetical addiction risk assessed in the BARQ, the likelihood of taking a novel analgesic medication was elevated significantly in patients with high (≥18; n = 137) versus low (<18; n = 126) SOAPP-R scores [ P < 0.001; 3-day: Cohen's d = 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.63, 0.69; 30-day: d = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.71, 0.78; 365-day: d = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.72, 0.79]. Conclusions In the United States, self-identified chronic pain patients (CPP) at higher risk for opioid misuse were more likely to report willingness to try a novel analgesic despite increasing addiction risk than CPP with low risk of opioid misuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Radiographic measures of the pathologic changes of knee osteoarthritis (OA) have shown modest associations with clinical pain. We sought to evaluate possible differences in quantitative sensory testing (QST) results and psychosocial distress profiles between knee OA patients with discordant versus congruent clinical pain reports relative to radiographic severity measures. Methods A total of 113 participants (66.7% women; mean ± SD age 61.05 ± 8.93 years) with knee OA participated in the study. Radiographic evidence of joint pathology was graded according to the Kellgren/Lawrence scale. Central sensitization was indexed through quantitative sensory testing, including heat and pressure-pain thresholds, tonic suprathreshold pain (cold pressor test), and repeated phasic suprathreshold mechanical and thermal pain. Subgroups were constructed by dichotomizing clinical knee pain scores (median split) and knee OA grade scores (grades 1-2 versus 3-4), resulting in 4 groups: low pain/low knee OA grade (n = 24), high pain/high knee OA grade (n = 32), low pain/high knee OA grade (n = 27), and high pain/low knee OA grade (n = 30). Results Multivariate analyses revealed significantly heightened pain sensitivity in the high pain/low knee OA grade group, while the low pain/high knee OA grade group was less pain-sensitive. Group differences remained significant after adjusting for differences on psychosocial measures, as well as age, sex, and race. Conclusion The results suggest that central sensitization in knee OA is especially apparent among patients with reports of high levels of clinical pain in the absence of moderate-to-severe radiographic evidence of pathologic changes of knee OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our understanding of the use of emergency departments (EDs) and physician offices for the management of dental problems is limited. We undertook this study to examine whether there are differences in their use by low-income White and minority adults as compared with higher-income adults. Participants included White, Black, and Hispanic adults who had experienced a dental problem during the previous 12 months and who visited a physician, ED, or dentist for treatment. We selected a stratified random sample of 27,002 Maryland households with listed telephones to screen for eligibility. We identified 1,387 households with an eligible adult, selected 423 for interviews, and completed interviews with 401 (94.8%). To restore correct proportionality to the sample, and to adjust for nonresponse and the distribution of demographic characteristics, weights were created for use in the analyses. Only 7.1 percent of respondents contacted an ED, while 14.3 percent contacted a physician and 90.2 percent a dentist. The vast majority of respondents who contacted an ED (96.0%) or a physician (92.2%) also contacted a dentist. Lower-income respondents were more likely to seek care from an ED, while higher-income respondents were more likely to seek care from a dentist. Overwhelmingly, respondents visiting EDs (89.4%) and physicians (51.7%) were instructed to see a dentist or given prescriptions/samples. Treatment provided by EDs, physicians, and dentists was not associated with the respondent's income or race/ethnicity. Respondents visiting EDs and physicians typically did not receive definitive care and subsequently visited a dentist for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient-centered care has a positive impact on patient health status. This report compares patient assessments of patient centeredness during treatment in hospital emergency departments (EDs) and physician and dentist offices for dental problems and injuries. Research Design: Participants included low-income White, Black, and Hispanic adults who had experienced a dental problem or injury during the previous 12 months and who visited an emergency department, physician, or dentist for treatment. A stratified random sample of Maryland households participated in a cross-sectional telephone survey. Interviews were completed with 94.8% (401/423) of eligible individuals. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: The measure of predictive power, the pseudo-R2s, calculated for the logistic regression models ranged from 12% to 18% for the analyses of responses to the measures of patient centeredness (satisfaction with treatment, careful listening, thorough explaining, spending enough time, and treated with courtesy and respect). EDs were less likely than dentists to treat patients with great courtesy and respect. Conclusions: Further research is needed to identify factors that support patient centered care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the pharmacist's role in managing toothache pain from the patient's perspective. Design: Cross-sectional study, Setting: Maryland during April and May 2006. Participants: 5,556 low-income white, black, and Hispanic households were screened to identify 398 households with at least one adult who had experienced a toothache during the previous 12 months. Intervention: Telephone screening followed by telephone interview concerning treatment sought for most recent toothache. Main outcome measure: Whether a pharmacist was consulted for toothache pain. Results: Interviews were completed for 68.3% of eligible households. One of five respondents consulted a pharmacist regarding toothache pain. No differences were noted among demographic groups other than differences related to age. No association was observed between respondents asking for advice from pharmacists and the number of toothaches they experienced during the previous 10 years or the pain level of their most recent toothache; however, an association was seen between the duration of the most recent toothache and the degree to which the toothache Interfered with daily activities. Approximately 90% of respondents adhered to pharmacist advice, while 55,7% reported that the advice helped "a lot." Conclusion: Pharmacists have an important role to play in alleviating toothache pain, especially among lower-income individuals without ready access to traditional dental services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health literacy-related problems can interfere with effective doctor-patient communication and effective patient care. This study examined several health literacy-related markers for patients seeking treatment in hospital emergency departments and physician and dentist offices for dental problems and injuries. Participants consisted of low-income white, black, and Hispanic adults who had experienced a dental problem or injury during the previous twelve months and who visited a hospital emergency department, physician, or dentist for treatment. A stratified random sample of Maryland households participated in a cross- sectional telephone survey. Interviews were completed with 94.8 percent of 423 eligible individuals. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Only 10.0 percent of the respondents expressed a difficulty understanding what they were told by the health provider, while 4.9 percent expressed a difficulty understanding the dental or medical forms they were asked to complete and 6.9 percent reported that they had difficulty getting the health provider to understand their dental problem or injury. Logistic regression analysis found that males and Hispanics were significantly (p<0.05) more likely to experience health literacy-related problems. In general, respondents did not express health literacy-related problems. Additional research is needed to identify health literacy-related barriers to effective patient-provider communication.

Study Objectives: We characterized sleep disorder rates in temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) and evaluated possible associations between sleep disorders and laboratory measures of pain sensitivity., Design: Research diagnostic examinations were conducted, followed by two consecutive overnight polysomnographic studies with morning and evening assessments of pain threshold., Setting: Orofacial pain clinic and inpatient sleep research facility., Participants: Fifty-three patients meeting research diagnostic criteria for myofascial TMD., Interventions: N/A., Measurements and Results: We determined sleep disorder diagnostic rates and conducted algometric measures of pressure pain threshold on the masseter and forearm. Heat pain threshold was measured on the forearm; 75% met self-report criteria for sleep bruxism, but only 17% met PSG criteria for active sleep bruxism. Two or more sleep disorders were diagnosed in 43% of patients. Insomnia disorder (36%) and sleep apnea (28.4%) demonstrated the highest frequencies. Primary insomnia (PI) (26%) comprised the largest subcategory of insomnia. Even after controlling for multiple potential confounds, PI was associated with reduced mechanical and thermal pain thresholds at all sites (P < 0.05). Conversely, the respiratory disturbance index was associated with increased mechanical pain thresholds on the forearm (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: High rates of PI and sleep apnea highlight the need to refer TMD patients complaining of sleep disturbance for polysomnographic evaluation. The association of PI and hyperalgesia at a nonorofacial site suggests that PI may be linked with central sensitivity and could play an etiologic role in idiopathic pain disorders. The association between sleep disordered breathing and hypoalgesia requires further study and may provide novel insight into the complex interactions between sleep and pain-regulatory processes.

A computer-assisted telephone interview in Maryland of adults who had low income and were Hispanic, Black, and White and who had experienced a toothache during the previous 12 months was conducted. Respondents reported a high prevalence of toothaches, with 44.3% having experienced more than five toothaches during the preceding 10 years. Pain intensity associated with the most recent toothache was high with 45.1% of the respondents reporting the highest pain possible. Pain interfered with many aspects of normal functioning. Self-care strategies generally took precedence over professional health services. Pain sufferers used a combination of self-care and formal care strategies. Initial strategies most often focused on nonprescription medicines(home remedies and prayer. The majority of respondents ultimately sought pain relief from a dentist. We identified a number of significant differences in the strategies used across racial/ethnic groups.

Background: Researchers' understanding of the use of emergency departments (EDs) and physicians' offices for the treatment of toothaches is limited. The authors conducted a study to explore their use by low-income and minority adults in comparison with the use of traditional dental services., Methods: Participants included low-income white, African-American and Hispanic adults who had experienced a toothache during the previous 12 months. A stratified random sample of 4,200 households in Maryland participated in a cross-sectional telephone survey. Trained survey staff completed interviews with someone in 272 (68.3 percent) of 398 eligible households., Results: Only 8.7 percent of respondents contacted an ED for toothache pain relief, while 20.1 percent contacted physicians. The majority of respondents who contacted an ED (80.5 percent) or a physician (82.6 percent) also contacted a dentist. Contacts with a dentist were reported by 58.6 percent of respondents. The authors conducted tabular analyses using chi(2) tests of statistical significance (P < .05) and SUDAAN's multivariable logistic regression procedure (Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, N.C.) (P < .05)., Conclusions: Respondents experiencing toothache pain ultimately sought definitive resolution of their pain from dentists while visiting EDs and physicians for temporary relief. Access to dentists' services was particularly problematic for Hispanics and was exacerbated by health literacy issues., Clinical Implications: The elimination of oral health disparities must involve consideration of cultural influences on minority populations, as well as the responsibilities of the dental profession.

Background: Though eating disorders (EDs) are associated with numerous physiologic complications, very little research has examined subjective reports of pain and pain-related risk factors in patients with EDs., Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between ED symptomatology and pain-related variables, including pain intensity, pain location, and catastrophizing. Another aim was to compare women with EDs with women with varying degrees of pain on both pain intensity and pain-related catastrophizing. Further, we aimed to evaluate associations among depressive symptomatology, catastrophizing, and pain intensity in patients with EDs., Methods: Seventy women with EDs and 422 other women, ranging from healthy controls to those with a pain syndrome (migraine headaches, temporomandibular disorders, or back pain), participated in this study and completed self-report measures of pain, catastrophizing, and depressive symptomatology., Results: Neither ED diagnosis (anorexia nervosa vs. bulimia) nor behavioral subtype (binge-purging subtype vs. restricting) was associated with location of pain, pain intensity, or pain-related catastrophizing in women with EDs, who, on average, reported pain that was mild and less intense than women with painful conditions. However, a substantial subset of patients with EDs (36%), many of whom had clinically significant Beck Depression Inventory scores, reported moderate to severe pain. Results of a regression analysis showed that depression, not catastrophizing, was associated with pain intensity ratings in patients with EDs., Discussion: Depression and pain are intimately related in EDs. Future investigations should characterize patients who present with elevated pain and examine the relationship between pain, psychologic factors, and treatment outcome.

Objectives: This study examined the behavioral impact of toothache pain as well as self-care strategies for pain relief among minority and low-income individuals., Methods: Eight focus group sessions were conducted with 66 participants drawn from low-income non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic adults over the age of 20 who had experienced a toothache during the previous 12-month period and who had utilized self-care or care from a nondentist., Results: Toothache pain was described as intense, throbbing, miserable, or unbearable. Focus group participants indicated that toothache pain affected their ability to perform normal activities, such as their job, housework, social activities, sleeping, talking, and eating, as well as making them depressed and affecting their social interactions. Numerous prescription and nonprescription medications as well as home remedies and self-care strategies were used for pain relief, although these were generally of limited and uncertain benefit. While receiving care at a dental office was the most preferable option for care, most participants reported multiple barriers, including the cost of dental care that resulted in long delays in seeking dental care. The main reason for eventually seeking dental care was the severity of the pain., Conclusions: Although removing financial barriers alone may not lead to preventive dental visits, it would facilitate more timely visits to dentists to treat toothache pain.

Objectives: Low educational attainment is related to numerous adverse health outcomes, and some evidence suggests that psychosocial variables may mediate education's effects. Moreover, the relationship between psychosocial functioning and health-related outcomes may be moderated by educational level, with individuals lower in formal education being more susceptible to the deleterious effects of negative cognitive and affective states. The present study sought to characterize such interrelationships between educational level and pain-related catastrophizing., Methods: We investigated the association of self-reported educational level with pain and social disability, we evaluated catastrophizing's potential mediating role in those associations, and we also investigated education as a moderator of catastrophizing's effects on pain and social disability in a sample of patients with scleroderma, a frequently painful autoimmune disorder., Results: First, education-related differences in pain report were accounted for by catastrophizing and depression. Second, after controlling for demographic factors, disease severity, and depressive symptoms, education moderated the relationship between catastrophizing, pain affect, and social function. Specifically, catastrophizing was more highly associated with greater reporting of affective pain among those with less formal education. In addition, catastrophizing inversely correlated with social disruption among individuals with less formal education., Discussion: Collectively, study findings support multiple models of interaction between education and pain-related cognitive/affective functioning, though in both mediational and moderational analyses, lower levels of formal education act as a risk factor for adverse pain-related outcomes.