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Copyright of Boletín Económico de ICE is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletín Económico de ICE is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Republic of Korea, hereinafter South Korea, is among the ten economies that export and import the most abroad, the United States, Mexico and Canada are among its main trading partners. This research analyzes the growth of South Korea's trade with the United States, Canada and Mexico from 1970-2020, for which we worked through a documentary and information analysis that will guarantee the selective recovery of different sources to explain the relevance of the United States, Mexico and Canada in the trade and economy of South Korea. In this context, the analysis of trade-related data shows that the United States and Canada have a free trade agreement with South Korea and Mexico without having a free trade agreement with the Koreans have higher growth in exports and imports with South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the effects of trade liberalization on employment and the labor market in Mexico's manufacturing industry. The analysis places special emphasis on assessing the extent to which the industry's distinct trade performance is accompanied by an improvement in labor conditions to ensure decent work. For this purpose, the study applies the framework of decent work indicators developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO), in combination with input-output analysis, to explore selected links between international trade and certain indicators of decent work in two industries of Mexico's manufacturing sector: automotive and textile. We chose these two industries because of the key differences in their organizational structures, their roles in global value chains (GVC), and their dynamism in recent decades. A key contribution of the study was to construct a set of relevant time series indicators of decent work for these two industrial activities in Mexico, based on ilo guidelines and official data. This study is the first one to build indicators of decent work at the industry level in Mexico. It finds important differences in these two industries' advances towards decent work, which can be partly explained by their distinct performances in international trade. Based on these results, the study offers some policy recommendations to help achieve a more robust pace of progress towards decent work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on photography in Mexico tends to focus on the authorship of the images they analyze, based on an Art History perspective that studies the aesthetic qualities of a work. However, most of the photographic production of the 19th century is not related to the objectives of artistic creation, their purposes are connected to the commercial determinations of photographic companies organized as commercial enterprises. This affirmation is verified in this work through the examination of three groups of stereoscopic views of Mexico in the 19th century, which reproduce the same photographic images, but present material differences. The present study establishes that different photographic companies sold these series originated from the same set of shots, taken by a single photographic enterprise, according to the commercial purposes of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the existing commercial relations between Mexico and the People's Republic of China (PRC or China) are analyzed from a comparative perspective, emphasizing the perspective that the situation of SARS-COV 2 or COVID-19 opens for a relaunch of relations between both countries, after in recent years there was a distancing explained by various factors of both a political and economic nature. The characteristics of trade relations since the establishment of diplomatic and economic relations are probably reviewed, emphasizing the fact that these have not favored Mexico, but that, however, unexpectedly both the United States trade war against China as well as the pandemic of COVID-19, they are creating the possibility of confirming the reduction in the balance of the trade balance, so it must redefine its trade policy. The hypothesis is that Mexico should take advantage of the recent bilateral relationship situation with China, to reduce the trade deficit with that country from the increase in agricultural trade and China's new infrastructure investment in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the employment effects of the collapse of Mexican exports to the USA due to the Covid-19 crisis and its recovery. The employment outcomes are broken down by gender and skill, which enables the investigation to assess how these employment categories were affected. The article finds that 33.6% of all the jobs lost at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic in Mexico were exclusively due to the collapse of exports to the USA. Trade collapse was biased against female and unskilled workers, although all the jobs lost were re-gained during the recovery, being again biased against female workers. Gender-responsive policies are needed to ensure an inclusive recovery and resilience against future trade shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigación Económica is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (usmca) will impose a restructuring of North American supply chains to meet the new input content requirements. To evaluate the determinants of U.S.-Mexico trade under the new agreement, the author creates an econometric model, and the estimations indicate that the distance from U.S. states to the Mexican border and the size of the economies of the states of Mexico are factors that impact trade between the two countries. Tariffs applied under the usmca have had a minor but positive impact. Foreign direct investment showed positive effects on trade, indicating the existence of value chains between the U.S. and Mexico. The results suggest that polices to encourage trade between the two countries would require the development of transportation infrastructure, as well as the promotion of investment in strategic sectors to further develop regional supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Days before the arrival of the Nueva España fleat to San Juan de Uluaś port, Félix de Oviedo died on board the nao Capitana. He was a captain of artillery, a trader, a painter and a member of one of the most reputed artistic family of his time. Thanks to the documents kept in the Archivo General de Indias in Seville we can trace the personal and professional relations entwined by the Oviedo family in Mexico, a clue to the familiar and patronage web weaved by all those who left their native land bound to the New World in search of new oportunities and richness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispute resolution mechanisms are one of the key elements in commercial agreements and disputes. This was, specifically, one of the conflicting topics and which even left some bilateral agreements pending within negotiations of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), the agreement which will replace the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The origin of the difficulties was the intentions of the US negotiators to maintain their protectionism and bring the proposals closer to their own commercial legislation. This article analyzes the different dispute resolution mechanisms in final documents and shows the complexity of the issue, as well as the alternatives specified in order to address the disputes. The central hypothesis is that the content of the text will involve an enormous effort due to the complexity of attention to the controversies as much from the varied mechanisms, as from the procedures and participants involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agro Productividad is the property of Colegio de Postgraduados and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The United States of America (USA) and the United Mexican States (Mexico), for a long period maintain a close relationship in trade, so that since 1994 they have been reducing and eliminating tariffs with their Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that includes to the countries of Canada, USA and Mexico. NAFTA since the coming to power of Donald Trump was put under review and was ratified by Mexico in 2019, in the US and Canada in 2020, now with its acronym T-MEC (Mexico, United States, Canada Treaty). Mexico is an important and strategic trading partner for the USA and vice versa, the USA being the number one economy in the world and Mexico located among the fifteen largest on the planet. The dynamics of the economy of both countries maintains them with a growth rate in exports and imports. Likewise, the increase in trade contributes so that the US Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Mexico has a high participation in the states that make up the country. The objective of this research is to analyze USA trade and the distribution of FDI in Mexico during the years 2000 to 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of APUNTES - Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the territorial effects of a Program geared to alleviating poverty, called Oportunidades. This is done by looking at the consequences of cash transfers of this program in an ethnic settlement, La Concordia, in the State of Guerrero, Mexico. A semi-structured questionnaire was the research instrument useful to interrogate key actors of the local commercial sector about demand-offer trends in La Concordia. We firstly describe the socio- economic characteristics of Ayutla, its role in the dynamic of the regional economy and the type of commercial activity present in county seat and smaller villages, most of which have a predominant indian population. We go on to explain the transformations derived from the type and kind of commercial activity produced by Oportunidades in La Concordia, during the days when cash transfers occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the impact of Mexican trade and productive integration processes during the last 20 years. It finds evidence that growing per capita income in Mexico is directly related to its "trade opening", but is inversely related to the growth of its manufacturing export industry. Specifically, for each point of growth in "trade opening" (as a proportion of GDP) per capita income grew by 0.22%; while each point of increase in the share of industrial exports reduced income per person by 0.09%. To explain this apparent contradiction between the positive effect of "trade opening" and the negative impact of productive manufacturing specialization, we examined the characteristics of Mexico's industry. Results show that although Mexico's export-led industrialization successfully adapted to the world market and transformed its productive, business, organizational and technological structure, it did not translate into adequate macroeconomic benefits due to the absence of strong value dissemination forces over the rest of the economy. In this sense, poor internal linkages in the maquila industry, its high propensity to import, and its limited value added generation, among other elements, led the Mexican industry to operate as an export enclave. In those circumstances, manufacturing does not generates positive externalities nor articulations, nor strong disseminations that increase and multiplies value in other sectors of industry, thus limiting expansion effects and restraining or even reducing-under some specific circumstances-per capita income growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) contribute to the food security of forest communities. Around 1000 of those are used in Mexico, but little information is available on local knowledge and women's roles in NTFP management. This paper pursues three objectives: to describe the distribution, light and soil conditions of a NTFP called "poleo" Satureja macrostema (Benth.) Briq.; to document local knowledge on this plant; to analyze gender differences in terms of access, use and trade. Research was conducted in San Miguel Mixtepec, a Zapotec community of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca. Methods include soil and canopy analysis, participant observation, interviews and workshops. Poleo grows under a closed canopy, in slightly acid, organically rich soils. Local knowledge on the plant's reproductive process contributes to its permanence. The plant is used for community rituals, as ornament, food and medicine. Men predominate in the first two uses and women in the remaining ones. Trading activities are female-dominated, mostly by 'widows' (adult women with children and no partner). The plant is informally traded in regional markets at very low prices. However, its barter or sale contributes to diversify local diets and is a good example of women's subsistence activities in the forest communities of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economía del Caribe is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article considers the economic significance of silver mining initiatives in 18th century Guadalajara, Mexico. The author argues that these small mining operations, begun in the 16th century, as a group were instrumental in the development of commerce and agriculture in the province, particularly through their provision of circulating coinage. He also provides estimates of the levels of silver production based on tax rates and fiscal records, while recognizing that the circulation of bars of silver was one of the more common means of tax evasion.

The article examines the commercialization of the cacao bean from Guayaquil, Ecuador and its use as a form of currency during the second half of the 17th Century. Focusing on the merchant's guild in Mexico City, Mexico, the article analyzes how a small group of Mexican merchants controlled the cacao trade in New Spain. It discusses the merchants' control after the opening of the Pacific ports in 1774 and the establishment of a free trade system in New Spain in 1789. The political and economic results of this free trade system for the demand and prices in the cacao trade are also analyzed.

North America is one of the world's most dynamic trade regions, and approximately onefourth of the region's total trade is carried out among the three NAFTA signatories. This article presents reflections about regional integration agreements, looking closely at some theoretical positions, particularly that of Viner and his trade creation and diversion. Then, the article uses statistical sources to evaluate Mexico's trade with the United States and Canada, and looks at the evolution of trade from the United States and Canada, highlighting which sectors come out the winners in this integration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was evaluating Mexican swine production dynamics and identifying its critical points, changes and modifications between 1980 and 2008. Mexico as whole unit, its States and the five socioeconomic regions of the country were analyzed. Data were obtained from SAGARPA, Banco de Mexico (Banxico) and from the Economy Ministry. Growth, trend and real price indicators were assessed. Economic and financial policies affected payment capacity of farmers, as animal stocks decreased and swine production dynamics evolved negatively. Trade policy had a negative effect on Mexican swineproduction as most foreign pork products were imported at prices below domestic costs of production. Slaughter policy benefitted only one sector. Domestic swine production was carried out mainly in the States of Jalisco, Sonora, Guanajuato andMichoacán. The States showing larger growth in swine production in the period analyzed were Yucatan, Puebla, Sonora andGuanajuato and those showing a greater decline were Mexico, Jalisco and Michoacán. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the family of 18th century Spanish colonist Gabriel Fernández de Lima (also known as Rufino Barragán) and their lives in the frontier region of Rioverde, New Spain (now part of the state of San Luís Potosí, México). Based on inquisitional records and other historical documents the author reconstructs Rufino Barragán's life as a frontier bandit, comments on his treatment as a heretic and considers the sources of his fortune. The author also reconstructs the lives of his son Felipe Barragán and his grandson José Florencio.

Copyright of Cayapa is the property of Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reconstructs some findings of the project "Common arithmetic knowledge and productive and social practices"; the questions which direct it are: What sort of number and calculus problems its productive and social insertion poses to these organizations? IA/hat are the social worries that support the strategies in the solving of arithmetic problems? The empirical referent is constructed through the perspective of two women who lead two productive organizations (in Mexico and Argentina) of self-management linked to craft production. Some analytical advances referred to Mexico (Purepecha indigenous community) are reported. In particular, the uses of numeracy and their links to the community social criteria of extra mathematical order that underlie and cross different situations which are framed not in an individual action, but in a collective one. These criteria rule two kinds of relations: the inner ones and the outer ones, crossed by the concerns around power (the nice power) and the defence (to face the outside) of the organization. The reconstructing of these senses implies a positioning that redefines the polarity literacy! illiteracy, by asking how one can learn to read or write numbers under such circumstances, when the knowledge of the number writings is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent free-trade rhetoric asserts that political and economic trade liberalization agreements diminish the effect of international borders and result in widespread land use and land-cover change. Some suggest that this trend portends the minimization of distance and geography as factors influencing change in human-environment relations. This research questions these assertions through an examination of the burgeoning border trade in medical-tourism. Trade based on medical-tourism is defined primarily by a persistence of the border as an economic and social barrier, allowing the juxtaposition of difference in geographic proximity. The rapid growth of medical-tourism along the U.S.-Mexico border indicates that in spite of decades of free-trade agreements including NAFTA, the border remains intact with regard to the medical services industry. The function, reach and urban land-use changes related to this trade are explored through a case study approach of Los Algodones, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By explaining the essential elements of the multinational state and proposing a typology for it, this article argues that the link between the state and society and the world favors the advance of multi-culturalism and the recognition of national minorities, which implies a loss of state sovereignty. Examples of the economic opening in Mexico in recent decades and the negotiations prior to the signing of the free trade agreement between Mexico and the European Union are used to back up this argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is organized in four axis: Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements between Mexico and New Zealand; Gross Domestic Product in Mexico and New Zealand; Trade Balance; potential productive sectors for the international trade between Mexico and New Zealand; Foreign Investment and finally some conclusions. In the basis of the information presented, authors argue the feasibility of improving the international trade between Mexico and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]