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Competing Interests: We declare no competing interests. We deeply thank all the Mexican study participants, the community engagement team members, and the caregivers and research staff at the three study sites in the Mosaico trial.

Purpose: The hallmark of Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) is unusual infection, although other immunological non-infectious manifestations such as autoimmunity, allergy and cancer are often present. Most published reports focus on one disease or defect groups, so that a global prevalence of non-infectious manifestations of PID is hard to find. We aimed to describe the clinical features of our pediatric patients with PID, as well as the frequency and evolution of allergy, cancer and autoimmunity., Methods: We reviewed all the available charts of patients being followed for PID from 1991 to the spring of 2012 at the National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, to describe their demographic, clinical and laboratory features. Their diagnoses were established by pediatric immunologists in accordance to ESID criteria, including routine immunological workup and specialized diagnostic assays. We divided patients by decade of diagnosis to analyze their survival curves., Results: There were 168 charts available, from which we excluded one duplicate and six equivocal diagnoses. We studied the charts of 161 PID patients (68% male, 86% alive), mostly from the center of the country, with a positive family history in 27% and known consanguinity in 11%. Eighty percent of the patients were diagnosed during the last decade. Current median age was 124 months; median age at onset of infections, 12 months; median age at diagnosis, 52 months; median age at death, 67.5 months. Severe infection and bleeding were the cause of 22 deaths. Eighty-six percent of all patients had at least one infection, while non-infectious manifestations had a global prevalence of 36%, namely: autoimmunity 19%, allergies 17%, and cancer 2.4%. Survival curves were not significantly different when compared by decade of diagnosis., Conclusions: Compared to other registry reports, we found a lower prevalence of antibody defects, and of associated allergy and cancer. We could only locate two isolated IgA deficiencies and four cases of cancer among our PID patients. Although antibody defects are the most prevalent group (30%), the distribution we found is similar to that reported in Iran, Kuwait, Egypt and Taiwan, with a close 27% share for phagocyte defects, and 26% for the formerly called "well-defined" syndromes. Of note, autoimmune and inflammatory complications are high among our patients with chronic granulomatous disease, as has been reported in both the United States and Japan, but not in Europe.

Objectives: This anthropological study forms part of field-work undertaken in Mahosik, a Tzeltal Maya community of 250 inhabitants in the Altos de Chiapas, to obtain insight into the neurological and psychosomatic pathology in an ethnic and cultural setting different to ours., Material and Method: Accompanied by a Tzeltal translator we interviewed various witch-doctors and faith healers of the Tzeltal Maya tribe to find out their ideas about neurological and mental diseases and the treatments used., Results: Headache or "k'ux jolol' is the fourth most common cause of consultation after acute respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders and fevers. To relieve it, the boiled leaves of the bush "payté' ("Tagetes neisonii') are used as a medicinal bath. Migraine, "yaxti-wanjol chawaj' is treated with the raw, crushed roots of the herbs "chopak pox' and "bakte pox' together with the practice of cutting the patient with a piece of glass in the temporal region, deep enough to make him bleed. Epilepsy or "tub tub ikal' is caused by an abuse suffered by the animal spirit which accompanies the individual, after a fight between the animal-companions or spirits which serve the forces of Good and Evil. The person with chronic crises is considered a witch. Depression or "melotan' is fairly common. This is treated with camomile tea containing an orange and a lime leaf. "Xiwel' or fear is one of the commonest psychosomatic disorders. The faith-healer has to return the lost spirit to its owner in a ceremony involving prayer, alcohol and the sacrifice of a fowl. Psychosis or "jowijel' may be due to alcohol, dog bite or witch craft and has no cure. Madness "chawaj' is caused by bewitchment during a nightmare. It is treated with the sap of "viborana' mixed with wild beans.