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The population structure of the jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) is complex, containing several cohorts and three groups defined by their size (small, medium, and large) and by differences in maturation, growth, and life span. Several authors have indicated the possibility of such groups representing discrete genetic units even at level subspecies or species in statu nascendi. Genetic divergence was tested in samples from the Gulf of California (Mexico) and Peruvian Sea by estimation of population divergence statistics, an exact test of homogeneity of allele frequencies, analysis of molecular variance, and genealogical trees applied to data obtained with two molecular markers: RAPDs and mtDNA sequences identified by SSCPs. Neither significant values of θ (FST) nor significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies were detected. Lack of evidence does not imply complete lack of differentiation among the groups but supports the fact that a geographically spread population can have different size groups without relevant genetic differentiation, implying that the hypothetical genetically differentiated groups can occur in different ecological niches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: breast milk is the first fundamental food of newborns and it provides all the sources of energy, nutrients and the immunological protection they need during their first months of life. Unfortunately, there are specific circumstances that imply that the mother cannot feed her baby correctly, since the mother's nutritional needs differ to a certain extent during different periods of life. Especially in breastfeeding, since nutritional needs are increased, due to the loss of nutrients, first by colostrum and then by breast milk. Objective: to demonstrate the influence of the diet of Mexican women on the nutritional quality and the presence of beneficial microorganisms in human milk. Methods: seventy descriptive surveys of nutrition and sampling of milk to women in nursing state were carried out. The milks were subjected to various bromatological and microbiological analyzes to evaluate their nutritional quality and possible probiotic activity. Results: it was shown that the mother's food intake influences the nutritional quality of the milk. Likewise, it affects the development and growth of lactic acid bacteria. Several strains were isolated and identified in human milk of the genus Lactobacillus, as well as pathogenic bacteria such as Lodderomyces elongisporus among others. Conclusions: the mothers' nutrition is directly reflected in the nutritional quality of the milk. It was observed that the amount of essential nutrients of milk such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins vary according to the diet and life rhythm of the mothers, as well as the significant decrease of lactic bacteria with probiotic potential.

Flooding is one of the most frequent and costly natural disasters affecting mankind. However, implementing Internet of Things (IoT) technology to monitor river behavior may help mitigate or prevent future disasters. This article outlines the hardware development of an IoT system (RiverCore) and defines an application scenario in a specific hydrological region of the state of Colima (Mexico), highlighting the characteristics of data acquisition and data processing used. Both fixed position and moving drifter node systems are described along with web-based data acquisition platform developments integrated with IoT techniques to retrieve data through 3G cellular networks. The developed architecture uses the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, along with encryption and security mechanisms, to send real-time data packages from fixed nodes to a server that stores retrieved data in a non-relational database. From this, data can be accessed and displayed through different customizable queries and graphical representations, allowing future use in flood analysis and prediction systems. All of these features are presented along with graphical evidence of the deployment of the different devices and of several cellular communication and on-site data acquisition tests.

Background: Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a ubiquitous element present in the groundwater worldwide. Cardiovascular effects related to iAs exposure have been studied extensively in adult populations. Few epidemiological studies have been focused on iAs exposure-related cardiovascular disease in children., Objective: In this study we investigated the association between iAs exposure, blood pressure (BP), and functional and anatomical echocardiographic parameters in children., Methods: A cross-sectional study of 161 children between 3 and 8 years was conducted in Central Mexico. The total concentration of arsenic (As) species in urine (U-tAs) was determined by hydride generation-cryotrapping-atomic absorption spectrometry and lifetime iAs exposure was estimated by multiplying As concentrations measured in drinking water by the duration of water consumption in years (LAsE). BP was measured by standard protocols, and M-mode echocardiographic parameters were determined by ultrasonography., Results: U-tAs concentration and LAsE were significantly associated with diastolic (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in multivariable linear regression models: DBP and SBP were 0.013 (95% CI: 0.002, 0.024) and 0.021 (95% CI: 0.004, 0.037) mmHg higher in association with each 1-ng/mL increase in U-tAs (p < 0.025), respectively. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was significantly associated with LAsE [5.5 g higher (95% CI: 0.65, 10.26) in children with LAsE > 620 compared with < 382 μg/L-year; p = 0.03] in an adjusted multivariable model. The systolic function parameters left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and shortening fraction were 3.67% (95% CI: -7.14, -0.20) and 3.41% (95% CI: -6.44, -0.37) lower, respectively, in children with U-tAs > 70 ng/mL compared with < 35 ng/mL., Conclusion: Early-life exposure to iAs was significantly associated with higher BP and LVM and with lower EF in our study population of Mexican children.

To describe the characteristics of infants with bilateral Stage 4b or 5 ROP (i.e. with subtotal or total retinal detachment) who presented to eye departments in two major cities in Mexico, to identify reasons why they may have become blind in order to recommend how programs could be improved. A large case-series of infants with Stage 4b or 5 ROP in both eyes confirmed by ultrasound who attended the ROP Clinic, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara from September 2010 to November 2012, and the Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez from December 2011 to December 2012 were identified from the diagnostic databases of each hospital. Mothers of infants in Guadalajara had a telephone interview. 89/94 eligible infants were included in the study, 48 in Guadalajara and 41 in Mexico City. Cases came from 22 of the 32 states in Mexico. Half of the infants attending Guadalajara 24/48 (50 %) had been cared for in NICUs without ROP screening programs and were not examined. Among the 24 infants cared for in NICUs with ROP programs, 7/24 (29.1 %) mothers reported that their infant had not been examined while in the NICU, and a further 9/24 (37.5 %) were either not referred for screening after discharge or they did not attend. Two infants had failed laser treatment. Strategies and resources to prevent end stage ROP have not been firmly established in Mexico. There is an urgent need to expand the coverage and quality of ROP programs, to ensure that existing screening guidelines are better adhered to, and to improve communication with parents.

Objective: To retrospectively validate the WINROP (weight, insulin-like growth factor I, neonatal, retinopathy of prematurity [ROP]) algorithm in identification of type 1 ROP in a Mexican population of preterm infants., Methods: In infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at Hospital Civil de Guadalajara from 2005 to 2010, weight measurements had been recorded once weekly for 192 very preterm infants (gestational age [GA] <32 weeks) and for 160 moderately preterm infants (GA ≥32 weeks). Repeated eye examinations had been performed and maximal ROP stage had been recorded. Data are part of a case-control database for severe ROP risk factors., Results: Type 1 ROP was found in 51.0% of very preterm and 35.6% of moderately preterm infants. The WINROP algorithm correctly identified type 1 ROP in 84.7% of very preterm infants but in only 5.3% of moderately preterm infants. For infants with GA less than 32 weeks, the specificity was 26.6%, and for those with GA 32 weeks or more, it was 88.3%., Conclusions: In this Mexican population of preterm infants, WINROP detected type 1 ROP early in 84.7% of very preterm infants and correctly identified 26.6% of infants who did not develop type 1 ROP. Uncertainties in dating of pregnancies and differences in postnatal conditions may be factors explaining the different outcomes of WINROP in this population.

Background: Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is the main cause of preventable blindness in premature babies. Currently, there is a shortage of trained ophthalmologists, which has resulted in an alarming increase in cases of vision loss and related complications. This study's aim was to determine the utility of examinations conducted by non-ophthalmologist physicians to assess posterior pole vessel abnormalities in eyes at risk for ROP., Method: Non-ophthalmologist physicians (pediatrician and neonatologist) were trained to use an indirect ophthalmoscope to view the posterior pole of babies at risk for ROP. Examinations were conducted on both eyes of premature infants born before 35 weeks gestational age (GA) starting at the third week after birth and weekly thereafter. The presence of Plus disease was identified by the non-ophthalmologist and results compared to the clinical examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist experienced in ROP detection and treatment. Chi-square was used for proportions and the Mann Whitney U test for medians. Fagan's nomogram was determined for diagnostic usability. The Kappa index was used to rate inter-observer agreement., Results: Results of 228 examinations performed on 150 premature infants were analyzed to determine the correlation of the non-ophthalmologist findings and the eye examination. For any vascular change in posterior pole diagnostic, findings were 87% and 87% accuracy for pediatrician and neonatologist, 82% and 83% sensitivity, 90% and 90% specificity respectively. There was no significant difference found in the detection of Plus disease for the examinations performed by the ophthalmologist compared to those performed by the non-ophthalmologist (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: After training in the use of an indirect ophthalmoscope, non-ophthalmologist physicians can reliably detect posterior pole retinal vessel changes for ROP diagnosis.

Communities who rely directly on the natural environment for their survival typically have developed risk management strategies to enable them to avoid dangerous thresholds of change to their livelihoods. Development policy appropriate for natural resource-based communities requires an understanding of the primary drivers of social-ecological change, the ways in which affected households autonomously respond to such drivers, and the appropriate avenues for intervention to reduce vulnerability. Coffee has been, and still remains, one of the most important commodities of the Mesoamerican region, and hundreds of thousands of smallholder households in the region are dependent in some way on the coffee industry for their livelihood stability. We used the Analytical Network Process to synthesize expert knowledge on the primary drivers of livelihood change in the region as well as the most common household strategies and associated capacities necessary for effective response. The assessment identified both gradual systemic processes as well as specific environmental and market shocks as significant drivers of livelihood change across the region. Agronomic adjustments and new forms of social organization were among the more significant responses of farmers to these changes. The assessment indicates that public interventions in support of adaptation should focus on enhancing farmers' access to market and technical information and finance, as well as on increasing the viability of farmers' organizations and cooperatives.

Exposure to naturally occurring inorganic arsenic (iAs), primarily from contaminated drinking water, is considered one of the top environmental health threats worldwide. Arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (AS3MT) is the key enzyme in the biotransformation pathway of iAs. AS3MT catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to trivalent arsenicals, resulting in the production of methylated (MAs) and dimethylated arsenicals (DMAs). MAs is a susceptibility factor for iAs-induced toxicity. In this study, we evaluated the association of the polymorphism in AS3MT gene with iAs metabolism and with the presence of arsenic (As) premalignant skin lesions. This is a case-control study of 71 cases with skin lesions and 51 controls without skin lesions recruited from a iAs endemic area in Mexico. We measured urinary As metabolites, differentiating the trivalent and pentavalent arsenical species, using the hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. In addition, the study subjects were genotyped to analyze three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), A-477G, T14458C (nonsynonymus SNP; Met287Thr), and T35587C, in the AS3MT gene. We compared the frequencies of the AS3MT alleles, genotypes, and haplotypes in individuals with and without skin lesions. Marginal differences in the frequencies of the Met287Thr genotype were identified between individuals with and without premalignant skin lesions (p=0.055): individuals carrying the C (TC+CC) allele (Thr) were at risk [odds ratio=4.28; 95% confidence interval (1.0-18.5)]. Also, individuals with C allele of Met287Thr displayed greater percentage of MAs in urine and decrease in the percentage of DMAs. These findings indicate that Met287Thr influences the susceptibility to premalignant As skin lesions and might be at increased risk for other adverse health effects of iAs exposure.

We carried out molecular analysis of 80 chromosomes from 40 unrelated Mexican patients with a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. The study was performed in two PCR steps: a preliminary one to identify mutation delta F508, the most frequent cause of cystic fibrosis worldwide, and the second a reverse dot-blot with allele-specific oligonucleotide probes to detect 15 additional common mutations in the Caucasian population. A frequency of 45% for delta F508 was found, making it the most common in our sample of Mexican patients. Another five mutations (G542X, 3,849 + 10 kb C-->T, N1303K, SN549N, and 621 + 1 G-->T) were detected, and those accounted for 11.25%. The remaining mutations (43.75%) were undetectable with the methodology used.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to determine the prevalence of the cleft lip and palate and its association with some risking factors., Material and Methods: A retrospective, observational and analytic study, of 44 newborn infants with cleft lip and palate and their controls, in 33,461 consecutive births, with 20 weeks or more, and birth weight more than 500 g, since November of 1988 to June of 1991. The information were obtained from the database of the Congenital External Malformation Register, done by the University of Guadalajara, in four hospitals. The prevalence of the cleft lip and palate was calculated. Of the variables studied their association was searched with congenital malformation in 2 x 2 tables, calculating, its chi square, confidence interval, and old ratio., Results: The prevalence of the cleft lip and palate was of 13.2 x 10,000 births. By categories: cleft lip 2.7 x 10,000, cleft lip and palate 7.8 x 10,000 and cleft palate 2.7 x 10,000. The only statistics differences with control group were the association with antecedent of other malformation in the family and methrorrague during pregnancy., Conclusions: The found prevalence is similar to the one informed in the literature, with some differences by categories. The association with antecedent of another malformation in the family, support the role of the hereditary role in the multifactorial etiology.