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Production data from the Los Humeros geothermal field in Mexico are used to develop a forecast method for operation of the field in the future. This method supports understanding the limitations of sustainably exploiting a geothermal reservoir. Using such forecasts, fluid extraction could be scheduled in order to fulfill the steam demand of the installed capacity. Moreover, the forecast of the extraction can diminish the commercial risk involved and therefore clear the way for new investments. Herein, we determined the total extracted heat from the Los Humeros geothermal system, with the aim to forecast the next phase of fluid extraction. We took the information from 29 producing wells to analyze their historic geothermal fluid production. From their statistical distribution of data, we estimated the amount of extracted fluids for a future phase. The size of the heat reserve previous to exploitation was calculated from the forecasted and the extracted heat. Thus, the recovery factor of the system was calculated as the ratio of the accumulated production of heat and the initial heat in place. The general recovery factor for 60 years of production was calculated as 37–44%. Due to the heterogeneity of the system, this study conducted individual assessments. The forecasted heat extraction for the next 30 years of production, amounts to 580 PJ assuming a constant extraction rate between 6 and 56 ton·[h]−1 depending on the particular well. The results of this study potentially complement the existing models of the geothermal exploitation and offer an estimation of the future production of the Los Humeros, which could be a good basis for decision-making and management of the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata) is characteristic of the vegetation in the arid regions of Mexico and other parts of the world. This tree has socioeconomic value for its seeds are used to produce flour and to feed small species livestock in rural homes backyards (named solares. in Mexico). Mesquite is also valued for its flowers and wood. The objective of the study was to quantify the pod yield of mesquite (kg MS ha-1), characterizing its morphology and analyze its chemical composition in six municipalities of the Potosino highlands of México. The experimental design was completely random, with a sample size of three trees per municipality, in six municipalities of the state of San Luis Potosí. The morphological characterization and the evaluation of the chemical composition allowed to identify three variants (A, B, C) of mesquite pods. The estimated mesquite pod yield was 3.7 Mg ha-1 at an average density of 194 trees per hectare. The normal diameter (DN) was the variable that determined the response in the pod yield (R2=0.927; p£0.05). The average mesquite pod yield was considered appropriate, given the prevailing climatic conditions in the region (400 mm precipitation and 18 °C mean temperature). Regardless of the variant, the best attributes of the mesquite pod were high content of non-structural carbohydrates (48.7%), medium level of protein (9.1%), and low level (26.7%) of neutral detergent fiber (FDN). The values are comparable to those of other conventional ingredients used for feeding cattle, therefore, they can be recommended to complement the diet of minor livestock in the Potosino highlands. The model developed to estimate pod yield of the mesquite tree (P. laevigata) from its normal diameter and height was reliable (>90%) in these municipalities and conditions of the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG) is a tertiary care hospital in Mexico City where Escherichia coli is frequently isolated from the urine samples of pediatric patients with urinary tract infections. A collection of 178 urinary Escherichia coli (UEc) isolates associated with complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections were evaluated in this study. The patterns of resistance to 9 antibiotic classes showed that 60.7% of the UEc isolates had a highly multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile. Genetic diversity analyses of the UEc isolates showed a high variability and revealed 16 clusters associated with four phylogenetic groups, namely, groups A, B1, B2, and D. Phylogenetic group B2 was widely associated with the 16 clusters as well as with virulence and fitness genes. The virulence and fitness genes in the UEc isolates, which included fimbriae-, siderophore-, toxin-, and mobility-associated genes, were grouped as occurring at a low, variable, or high frequency. Interestingly, only the papF gene could be amplified from some UEc isolates, and the sequence analysis of the pap operon identified an insertion sequence (IS) element and gene loss. These data suggested pathoadaptability and the development of immune system evasion, which was confirmed by the loss of P fimbriae-associated agglutination in the UEc isolates. E. coli clone O25-ST131 had a prevalence of 20.2% among the UEc isolates; these isolates displayed both a highly MDR profile and the presence of the papGII, fimH, papGIII, iutD, sat, hlyA, and motA genes. In conclusion, the UEc isolates from complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) were characterized as being MDR, highly genetically diverse, and associated with phylogenetic group B2 and many virulence and fitness genes. Additionally, gene loss and IS elements were identified in some UEc isolates identified as clone O25-ST131. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexican psychiatry initiated since pre-Hispanic times. Historically, treatments were a mixture of magic, science and religion. Ancient Nahuas had their own medical concepts with a holistic view of medicine, considering men and cosmos as a whole. The first psychiatric hospital appeared in 1566 and a more modern psychiatric asylum emerged until 1910. International exchanges of theoretical approaches started in the National University with the visit of Pierre Janet. There were other important figures that influenced Mexican psychiatry, such as Erich Fromm, Henri Ey, Jean Garrabé and Yves Thoret. Regarding Mexican psychiatrists, some of the most important contributors to Mexican psychiatry were José Luis Patiño Rojas, Manuel Guevara Oropeza and Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz. This article includes excerpts from "Clinical Psychiatry", a book by Patiño Rojas where he tries to understand and describe the inner world experienced by patients with schizophrenia; also, the thesis conducted by Guevara Oropeza ("Psychoanalisis"), which is a critical comparison between the theories of Janet and Freud. Finally, we include "The study of consciousness: current status" by Ramón de la Fuente, which leads us through the initial investigations concerning consciousness, its evolution, and the contributions made by psychology, philosophy and neurobiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a transversal study with a predominantly qualitative methodological profile that describes the evolution of academic self-concepts during adolescence. The sample consisted of 150 young people from various schools in the state of Sinaloa: fifty students per age group (twelve, fifteen, and eighteen years old), divided equally between males and females. Three instruments were used: a) a Piagetian critical clinical interview, b) self-concept questionnaire form 5, and c) profile of self-perceptions. The results show that change undergone in the academic self-concept has a flexible nature during adolescence and decreases at age fifteen; as in other studies, no differences by gender were seen. In spite of their provisional nature, the results may serve in the design of strategies that contribute to configuring adolescents' self-concept, that improve their performance as students, and that stimulate their personal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim in this paper is to describe the results of treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in Mexican children treated from 2006 to 2010 under the protocol from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) 00-01. The children were younger than 16 years of age and had a diagnosis of ALL de novo. The patients were classified as standard risk if they were 1–9.9 years old and had a leucocyte count <50 × 109/L, precursor B cell immunophenotype, no mediastinal mass, CSF free of blasts, and a good response to prednisone. The rest of the patients were defined as high risk. Of a total of 302 children, 51.7% were at high risk. The global survival rate was 63.9%, and the event-free survival rate was 52.3% after an average follow-up of 3.9 years. The percentages of patients who died were 7% on induction and 14.2% in complete remission; death was associated mainly with infection (21.5%). The relapse rate was 26.2%. The main factor associated with the occurrence of an event was a leucocyte count >100 × 109/L. The poor outcomes were associated with toxic death during induction, complete remission, and relapse. These factors remain the main obstacles to the success of this treatment in our population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In Mexico and other developing countries, few reports of the survival of children with acute leukaemia exist. Objective. We aimed at comparing the disease-free survival of children with acute myeloid leukaemia who, in addition to being treated with the Latin American protocol of chemotherapy and an autologous transplant, either underwent early intensified chemotherapy or did not undergo such treatment. Procedure. This was a cohort study with a historical control group, forty patients, less than 16 years old. Group A (20 patients), diagnosed in the period 2005–2007, was treated with the Latin American protocol of chemotherapy with an autologous transplant plus early intensified chemotherapy: high doses of cytarabine and mitoxantrone. Group B (20 patients), diagnosed in the period 1999–2004, was treated as Group A, but without the early intensified chemotherapy. Results. Relapse-free survival for Group A was 90% whereas that for Group B it was 60% (P=0.041). Overall survival for Group A (18, 90%) was higher than that for Group B (60%). Complete remission continued for two years of follow-up. Conclusions. Relapse-free survival for paediatric patients treated with the Latin American protocol of chemotherapy with an autologous transplant plus early intensified chemotherapy was higher than that for those who did not receive early intensified chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different variables have been proposed to explain the migration phenomenon; recently, environmental degradation has been increasingly prevalent in the literature as a determinant of migration. According to Jha and Wha lley (2003), the environment-migration relationship can be theoretically demonstrated using the traditional Harris-Todaro (1970) model of rural and urban migration, in which the unemployment variable, if interpreted as damage, can be replaced by pollution. Using a cross-section model we present, in this study, evidence for Mexico to support Jha and Whalley, finding a positive relationship between migration and pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ensayos - Revista de Economía is the property of Ensayos Revista de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the professional achievements of Mexican psychiatrist Ramon de la Fuente Muniz, who was born in 1921. It states that Muniz was closely associated with the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and contributed to creation of department like Department of Medical Psychology, Psychiatry and Mental Health of the Faculty of Medicine, and mentions that he chaired the National Academy of Medicine in 1972. It notes the Award of Medical Merit from President received by him.

Copyright of Archivos de Cardiología de México is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the severe problems of deforestation that suffer the forests in Mexico, there are only a few detailed studies to identify, in a very precise manner, the dynamics of disturbance or recovery of such ecosystems. In the present work, a detailed methodology to analyze the land cover change in the Nevado de Toluca National Park is presented. With the aid of Geografical Information Systems and the production of two land cover maps of the national park for two different years (1972 and 2000), it was possible to obtain a map of changes. The transition observed in this map was then re-classified with a loss or gain criteria and, with this, it was possible to obtain a final map of forest disturbance-recovery. The national park presented a deforestation rate of 8,4%, with a land cover change of more than 2 000 hectares along the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buteogallus anthracinus is a tipically resident specie that create its nesting at the mangrove forest of Sontecomapan. This paper describes the nesting of B. anthracinus, evaluating size, composition vegetal of the nests and the specie host tree. In 2002 and 2003 by means of routes in boat and with special emphasis to sound emmission to six nests were located on mature trees were. It was found thah Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Aviccenia germinans are used by B. anthracinus as host trees. The nests are oval in shape with an average 38,5 cm of in diameter, 69,83 cm of external diameter and 52,5 cm in height. The center of the nest is constructed mainly with-leaves of Avicennia germinans and the rest of Rhizophora mangle. It is discusses that the population of B. anthracinus can be dependent on the nest sites in this mangrove. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to data from the World Health Organization and UNICEF from year 2009, iron deficiency is the most widespread nutritional deficiency worldwide. This deficiency causes an imbalance between needs and iron supply, which consequently results in anemia. Around the world, two million people suffer from anemia, half of which is due to iron deficiency. The most impacted groups are children and teenagers, due to their highest requirements derived from the growing process, and women in their reproductive age, due to their loss of iron derived from menstruating or to their highest iron needs during pregnancy. This increase in needs is not satisfied by the regular diet, since it includes an insufficient amount and/or low bioavailability of iron., Purpose: To share with the medical community treating pregnant women the experience of an expert group so that they always bear in mind the repercussions caused by anemia during pregnancy, know more about the diagnostic possibilities and have a reference point for prescribing iron supplements., Method: The consensus method was used through the expert panel group technique. Two rounds were taken for structuring the clinical questions. The first one was to facilitate working groups their focusing in the clinical topics and the population of interest; the second one was to aid in posing specific questions observing the Patient, Intervention, Compare and Outcome (PICO) structure. The primary and clinical secondary study variables were defined by the working groups from the previously developed questions and during the face-to-face working period, according to the natural history of the disease: risk factors, diagnostic classification, (either pharmacological or non pharmacological) treatment and prognosis. The level of evidence and clinical recommendation was classified based on the Evidence Classification Level and Clinical Recommendation of the Medicine Group based on Evidence from Oxford University., Results: In Mexico, 20.6% of pregnant women suffer from anemia, especially those between 15 and 16 years old, who prevail in 42.4% and 34.3% percent, respectively. Almost half the cases are due to iron deficiency. This type of anemia is associated with a higher risk of pre-term delivery, of low birth weight and perinatal death. The first assessment of an anemic pregnant woman shall include the medical history, a physical examination and the quantification of the erythrocyte indices, serum concentrations of iron and ferritin. The measurement of this last one has the highest sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing iron deficiency. Daily oral iron supplementation, at a 60-to-120 mg dosage, may correct most of mild-to-moderate anemias. The most appropriate treatment is with iron salts (iron sulfate, polimaltose iron complex or iron fumarate). In case of intolerance to iron sulfate or fumarate, polimaltose iron is a better tolerated option. Treatment shall be administered until the hemoglobin values are > 10.5 g and ferritin is between 300 and 360 microg/dL, and such levels shall be observed for at least one year. Parenteral administration is an alternative for patients with a severe intolerance to oral administration; even when the possibility of anaphylaxis shall be considered it is lower when using ferrous sacarate. Transfusion is reserved for patients with hemoglobin lower than 7 g/dL or having an imminent cardio-respiratory decompensation., Conclusions: Iron deficiency is the highest prevailing nutritional deficiency worldwide and its consequences during pregnancy may be highly risky for both the mother and her child. Anemia diagnosis may easily be achieved through a blood analysis including the serum ferritin determination. Serum iron measurement shall not be used as the only marker to set the diagnosis. It is important to rule out other causes, in addition to the deficiencies, which produce anemia in a patient. It is essential to suggest the administration of iron supplements not only during the antenatal period but also after birth o even after a miscarriage to fulfill the need for depleted iron. In severe anemias (hemoglobin being lower than 9.0 g/L), iron doses higher than 120 mg a day may be required. Treatment shall always begin orally, and if this is not well tolerated, parenteral administration shall be used.

Objective: The registry intends to establish the safety and security of one-hour 100 mg alteplase infusion and 50 mg in 30 minutes to facilitate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a cardiology hospital with primary angioplasty program (24 hours 365 days a year) with current doses of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin., Methods and Results: REALSICA II is a prospective registry that included 103 patients with final diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction in which Alpert's quality criteria were used. Seventy two patients were under one-hour 100 mg alteplase infusion and thirty one under 30 minutes 50 mg alteplase infusion to facilitate PCI. Patients were young and predominantly males. In both groups > 50% had extensive ST elevation myocardial infarction and 68% were Killip & Kimball I. The majority received reperfusion > 3 hours after the onset of symptoms. In-hospital and follow-up treatment were compliant with Mexican Cardiology Society guidelines. ECG reperfusion was observed in 59% and TIMI III flow in 19% of PCI group. Any intracranial hemorrhage was observed. Global cardiovascular mortality was 11%. Patients under PCI had low incidence of recurrent ischemia and reinfarction., Conclusion: REALSICA registry showed in non-complicate acute myocardial infarction ST elevation safety and security of one-hour 100 mg alteplase infusion with current recommended unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin doses in ST elevation myocardial infarction. In complicated patients the regimen to facilitate PCI was associated with increased hemorrhagic complications and requires further research.