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This paper analyzes the impact of international oil price uncertainty on the different economic sectors (primary, secondary, and tertiary) in Mexico in the period 1993:1–2020:4 through a bivariate structural vector autoregressive (VAR) model with a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) in mean to capture the impact of oil volatility on economic growth at the sectoral level of economic activity. The results show that the uncertainty of the international price of oil has a differentiated effect on the different sectors of economic activity in Mexico since it does not influence the primary sector; it negatively impacts the secondary sector, and there is mixed evidence in the tertiary sector. Additionally, evidence is provided that both positive and negative shocks to the international oil price have asymmetric effects at the sectoral level in Mexico. The results highlight the need to implement public policies, at the country level, that help mitigate the effect of uncertainty in the oil market and promote economic stability at the sector level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Mexican government has been decreasing its participation as the main investor in the Mexican economy, but it has been increasing its current spending in the different states of the country. This behaviour has influenced the slow economic growth of Mexico in the period 1999–2019. However, the effects of these spending decisions have had a heterogeneous effect on the growth levels of Mexican states. The aim of this paper is to identify these effects by considering the impact that a federal entity generates on its neighbours (push-out effect) and the benefits it receives from its close neighbours (push-in effect) when there are spillovers of this economic growth. The methodology used to analyse the relationship between economic growth and public spending makes use of an econometric model with Spatial Autoregressive Vectors (SpVAR) to test the existing causal relationships. With the SpVAR model we can show the spatial effects of interaction between the thirty-two states that make up the Mexican geography in the period 1999–2019 and to determine spatial spreading and growth causality. The results obtained make it possible to establish that economic growth spreads from one federal entity to another over time and that public spending does not have a fundamental influence on this growth, due to the strong reduction in investment spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trained human capital is a source of incalculable resources, with an impact on the results of companies. For this reason, companies must carefully consider three aspects: empowerment with the consideration of the cognitive state of their collaborators; training and compensation; and fluidity in information sharing. Although granting empowerment to collaborators has been shown to be beneficial for organizations, its adoption has not been popularized. Therefore, it remains a construct that needs to be studied and understood, considering that it is influenced by the organizational culture of companies. In this research, the main objective was to examine the factor structure of the empowerment scale from the perspective of the owner or manager of the micro, small and medium-sized companies of Guanajuato, Mexico; using the dimensions of psychological empowerment; fluidity in information sharing; as well as training and compensation. The methodology is based on the Mathematical Economy; application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics. This investigation used an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the proposed measurement scale. The sample is made up of 222 valid questionnaires. The CFA provided evidence that the model that best fits the data is a second-order model made up of two dimensions: self-efficacy and influence on the company's results, which carry the psychological empowerment construct. These results make clear that although information is necessary to train human capital, cognitive variables are more important in the empowerment of human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]