Search

Copyright of Latin American Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala is the property of Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Económicos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Investigaciones Agroindustriales is the property of Revista Colombiana de Investigaciones Agroindustriales del Centro Agropecuario Sena Buga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte is the property of Cuadernos de Psicologia del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study compares federal femicide regulations with federated laws laws in 2018 and 2022, as well as analyzing their application in sentencing in Nuevo León. The findings reveal complex and diverse legislation related to femicide in Mexico, highlighting the need for greater harmonization and clarity in laws to ensure equal justice in cases of gender-based violence. It emphasizes the importance of integrating a gender perspective into the justice system and establishing specific protocols to address attempted femicide and comprehensive reparation, in order to improve the effectiveness and equity of law enforcement in these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of parity rules in Mexico allegedly meant having achieved full equality between women and men who are dedicated to politics; however, the numerical advance of women in congresses showed that descriptive representation was not sufficient to eliminate obstacles, including gender-based political violence, which prevents women from exercising their political rights. To confirm the previous hypothesis through a local case study, this article present the expressions of gender-based political violence based on gender that is exercised against women who venture into legislative activities. It is based on sixteen in-depth interviews carried out with deputies of the Quintana Roo congress, an interview with a senior local legislative official, and two heads of political training areas in national parties with state presence, all of them in office in the period 2012-2022. The findings of this research allow us to maintain that, although the presence of women in congresses has been promoted by the parity rules, practices corresponding to manifestations of gender-based political violence persist. These practices inhibit and constrain the full exercise of the functions of the female legislators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study addresses the analysis of the human body images in the Libros de Texto Gratuitos (LTG) used in second grade of Mexico's elementary education from an intersectionality gender perspective. The main objective is to describe the characteristics of the human bodies in the graphic resources in LTG using a sequential mixed methodology integrated by a quantitative and a qualitative phase. The unit of study is the human characters that appear in the images of the textbooks. The results show that the representation of young bodies of white racialization is predominant, while representations of elderly women of indigenous racialization and afro-descendants as well as people with functional diversity, are not represented at all. The patriarchal family model continues to be maintained, as well as gender roles and stereotypes. Although significant advances were also found, new challenges arise from this study to formulate changes in favor of inclusion in the social, cultural and educational spheres to achieve education with equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze the labeled spending for a life free of violence that is found within the Expenditures for the Equality of Women and Men in Annex 13 of the Public Budget, from 2008 to 2020. Likewise, it is intended to determine whether this spending is effective in combating gender-based violence. Broadly speaking, it was found that labeled spending is effective when only the fulfillment of the planned goals within the budget programs is considered, since it manages to meet almost 100% of them and almost all the resources allocated are used. However, when the decrease in cases of murders of women is considered, it is not effective, since they have increased annually, and a positive linear relationship is found between both variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The educational system plays a key role in the reproduction of gender inequality, as it transmits sexist norms and stereotypes on a daily basis. Gender-sensitive education seeks to transform educational contents and practices in order to create school environments where the principles of respect, equity and social justice prevail. The objective of this paper is to examine the agroecology curriculum taught at the Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Mexico. Data was obtained through a survey, content analysis of course syllabi, and in-depth interviews. Results identified an androcentric bias in teaching contents, and gender discrimination in classroom interaction. It is concluded that gender mainstreaming in higher education is essential to counteract sexism and other forms of social inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economía (Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán) is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Facultad de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Estudos Feministas is the property of Revista Estudos Feministas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sexuality, Gender & Policy Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia y Sociedad is the property of Ciencia y Sociedad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 pandemic and particularly, mitigation measures taken by government institutions in Mexico, such as the closure of all schools at all levels of education, have brought strong regressive consequences in terms of both education and gender equality. In this paper, we start from a theoretical framework of gender and family to analyze, along with the negative repercussions of this measure (especially for women and children), an embodied experience of upbringing and community education in Mexico. This experience seeks to preserve educational and labor rights violated by school closures such as sociability, guardianship and custody of minors, the right to a life free of violence, work-life balance, among others. Our aim is to suggest some keys for an ecofeminist and community solution to the education crisis in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic impacted the daily lives of higher education teachers differently. Through a survey of 140 professors from different universities in Mexico, it is observed that teaching work broke into their homes abruptly and without antecedents, which implied important modifications in the arrangement of times and spaces to comply with the academic, domestic and care tasks. Women reported greater complications to reconcile their daily activities, compared to men, which created more conflicts and negative consequences for their psychoemotional and physical health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic Capitalism describes the transformation of the university towards a business model. The effects that it has brought to the university community are diverse, but gender inequality stands out. The objective is to analyze the experiences shared by a group of academics on the National System of Researchers (SNI). These are the results of a study on Academic Capitalism at a public university in southern Mexico, carried out with a phenomenological methodology and using semi-structured interviews. In general, the academics agree that belonging to the SNI is an important distinction that represents a high cost for them in terms of productivity and the time it takes, but they also face dilemmas related to care work or other vital decisions such as being mothers or having a partner. The analysis reveals that there is still work to be done regarding policies in Mexico from a gender perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitaria is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato/Acta Universitaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Fondo Editorial Fundacion Universitaria Luis Amigo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Sociologia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia Política is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Materiales para la Historia del Deporte is the property of Polytechnic University of Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective/Context: The primary purpose of this research is to identify and measure the influence of different institutional, partisan, and biographic variables on the substantive representation of women in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies. Most current studies on the subject assent that the presence of more female legislators in congresses is a relevant precondition for an effective promotion of women's interests. Nevertheless, still little is known about how other variables affect congresswomen's intention to promote female-oriented bills. Methodology: Through interviews with former female legislators recognized for their activism in the interest of women, and using statistical models, the article seeks to explain the elements that may influence the substantive representation of Mexican women through bill sponsorship. Conclusions: Proportional representation, the adscrip-tion to leftist or minority parties, and legislative, partisan, and civic experiences can increase the propensity of female legislators to press for policy changes in support for women's demands. On the contrary, one of the main limitations for women's substantive representation in congress is the accumulation of party leaderships (mostly male) in the principal legislative positions and resolutions. Originality: With an original dataset and specifically designed interviews for this study, the research contributes to representation theory by suggesting that, along with the presence of more female legislators, other structural and institutional conditions need to be met for a congress to process the most relevant demands coming from women in a political community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is to analyze, from the gender perspective, the incidence of hegemonic masculinity and stereotyped gender roles in family harmony where it refers to an increase in violence during confinement by Covid-19 in the Metropolitan Area Puebla-Tlaxcala (ZMTP) as a result of the unequal distribution of domestic chores and sexism in Mexico. It is a qualitative investigation where the method of telephone and descriptiveexploratory survey was used. At the end of the work, it shows that cultural traditions and the normalization of male domination prevent the eradication of abuse in the home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzes the effect that telework had on the lives of the teachers of the Multidisciplinary Unit of the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT) in Mexico, during the confinement by COVID-19, mainly in care work in homes with 15 years or less children. The main argument in this study is whether this way of working affected female teachers more than male teachers. The results show that female teachers assumed the main role of care and domestic tasks, reconciling these demands teleworking from home, at the expense of reducing their sleep hours and having their physical and mental health affected (stress, depression, anxiety). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Telos is the property of Revista Telos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociedade e Estado is the property of Sociedade e Estado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala is the property of Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Electrónica Gestión de las Personas y Tecnologías is the property of Revista Electronica Gestion de las Personas y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reflects on the gender perspective, historicization and decolonization as part of a theoretical-methodological proposal, to understand the gender systems that support masculinities and models of being a man, linked to reproduction and contemporary indigenous survival in Mexico. It constitutes a first effort of reflective analysis, on how to approach these ethnicized and gendered realities, specifically on masculinities and being a man. To do this, we start by discussing the contributions of some gender studies of men and masculinities, which do not constitute an exhaustive and updated review, but only an approximation to the growing knowledge base, to support the methodological proposal with which it seeks to understand the patriarchal, heterosexist and colonizing constraints on men and women of indigenous peoples. In this work, it is argued that re-readings of these realities are required through theoretical-methodological proposals that are sensitive to these realities, in order to stop the homogenizing views of the indigenous gendered subject, specifically the masculinized one from westernized gender systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research conducts an analysis of gender inequality in the participation of women and men in different higher education training fields and its connection with labor market gender gaps present in Mexico. For this, data from the two spheres are presented for the period 2020-2021, emphasizing that gender roles are transferred to education and the economy in a transversal way, tending to perpetuate and reproduce inequalities between women and men in a structural way. Concluding that the data makes visible the need to break paradigms about gender gaps in the fields of study as well as to strengthen the linkage schemes between the institution and the labor market in order not to undermine the work of graduation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pensamiento y Acción Multidisciplinaria is the property of Universidad Catolica del Maule. Escuela de Trabajo Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CienciaUAT is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the working situation of Mexico City visual and performing artists, underlining the hard data of their working conditions and their consequences in their personal lives. The author did twenty-eight qualitative on-line interviews with artists from the ages of twenty-four to forty-one between September 2020 and February 2021. The results show that they all worked in precarious jobs with oppressive consequences for their lives. She argues that labor precariousness is a complex, multidimensional process, whose interlinked and inter-dependent elements affect individuals' lives both professionally and personally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents quantitative and qualitative results on modernity/late modernity in the representation of race and race-gender of characters that are victims of violence in 100 cartoon series representing 33.22% of TV products and 54.34% of cartoons consumed by children between 7-15 years of age in Mexico. The methodology used was content analysis and correlational analysis of five categories: race and gender of 1,081 cartoon characters; and types, subtypes and nature of the violence they receive. The results reveal that characters of white/Caucasian race (42.87%) and white/Caucasian & male gender (27.68%) are the groups that receive the highest percentage of violence. It is concluded that late modern racism means that the representations of race and race-gender in the sample produce racial differentiation and racial hierarchization. This kind of representation results in an inferior position the groups of Caucasian race and Caucasian race - male gender by representing these groups (of biopolitical superiority of the social subject in modernity) in a higher percentage as victims (recipients of violence). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzed the torture methods used by the Jalisco state police against 81 victims in the period 2008-2019. All the cases were associated with detainees for participating in alleged crimes, fights, or road incidents. The objective of this research was to identify differences between men and women in relation to the methods of physical and emotional suffering during torture. We analyzed 50 human rights recommendations to obtain a sample of 81 citizens. Only those cases with complete information on gender, torture method and municipality where the events occurred were chosen. The information was analyzed with the Chi squared test and the risk factor for cross-sectional studies was estimated through the odds ratio model. There are 7 methods of torture widely applied to men and women. In addition, significant differences were obtained in the application of asphyxia against men and sexual violence against women, although with little frequency. Finally, a risk of 6 times more of experiencing the method of suffocation was found in men, as well as of 9 times more when it occurred in the city of Guadalajara or its metropolitan area. The significant differences identified in the methods of torture perpetrated against women and men are associated with gender-based violence. The police officers who participated in this crime chose methods based on gender stereotypes, generating differentiated and specific effects on their victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The logic of domestic space is alien to the logic of private life. Domestic spaces, which harbor heteronormative family arrangements and relations, are subject to inequalities and contradictions. However, at the same time, they build bonds and ties of reciprocity and solidarity. This double meaning invites us to rethink the definition of domestic space under an epistemic and political order different from that of modern social theory that defined them as private spaces. To examine this double meaning of domesticity, we examine the daily lives of six heteronormative two-parent families in the city of Tlaxcala, Mexico. The empirical data is the product of a broader investigation that provided insight into the everyday life of these families. We inquired about the distribution of domestic and care work via informal discussions in their homes. The research was conducted between January and April 2017 in the city of Tlaxcala, located in the south-central part of the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico. In particular, and based on a gender perspective, the present analysis focuses on understanding the ways in which these families appropriate their space and reproduce this appropriation. This article concludes that domestic space needs to be conceptually reconstructed, and that ambiguous family relationships that are made invisible through expressions of solidarity or reciprocity, as well as through heteronormative imaginaries and subjectivities, must be dismantled. Depending on gender, age and role, the reproduction and appropriation of domestic space is not the same for each member of the families analyzed. Domestic space is not explained by the traditional understanding that categorizes the domestic as private. The article offers a new definition of domestic space, whose epistemic axis is the double meaning that this space signifies and that is described in families’ everyday life and narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Investigación is the property of Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Interdisciplinaria de Estudios de Género de El Colegio de México is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Interdisciplinaria de Estudios de Género de El Colegio de México is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos.info is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Facultad de Comunicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Review (2695-9755) is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)