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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an acute highly infectious viral disease caused by LSD virus belonging to genus, Capripox virus and family, Poxviridae. It is an important transboundary bovine endemic disease in African and Middle East countries and Mediterranean region. It has started spreading to Asian and other countries. The disease is characterised by fever and appearance of nodular lesions on skin all over the body. Sometimes involvement of mucous membranes of respiratory system, urogenital system and other internal organs is also recorded. LSD is transmitted by arthropod vectors and causes high morbidity and low mortality. Economic losses due to LSD include decreased milk production, abortion, temporary or permanent sterility in bulls, damage to hide and occasional death. In August 2019, the first occurrence of LSD outbreak in India has been reported to OIE. Vaccination along with strict quarantine measures and vector control could be effective in preventing the disease spread. This review aims to summarise latest developments in epidemiology, aetiology, methods of transmission, clinical presentations, diagnosis, control and prevention of LSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the rising burden of chronic respiratory diseases, global data for lung function are not available. We investigated global variation in lung function in healthy populations by region to establish whether regional factors contribute to lung function., Methods: In an international, community-based prospective study, we enrolled individuals from communities in 17 countries between Jan 1, 2005, and Dec 31, 2009 (except for in Karnataka, India, where enrolment began on Jan 1, 2003). Trained local staff obtained data from participants with interview-based questionnaires, measured weight and height, and recorded forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) and forced vital capacity (FVC). We analysed data from participants 130-190 cm tall and aged 34-80 years who had a 5 pack-year smoking history or less, who were not affected by specified disorders and were not pregnant, and for whom we had at least two FEV₁ and FVC measurements that did not vary by more than 200 mL. We divided the countries into seven socioeconomic and geographical regions: south Asia (India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan), east Asia (China), southeast Asia (Malaysia), sub-Saharan Africa (South Africa and Zimbabwe), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Chile), the Middle East (Iran, United Arab Emirates, and Turkey), and North America or Europe (Canada, Sweden, and Poland). Data were analysed with non-linear regression to model height, age, sex, and region., Findings: 153,996 individuals were enrolled from 628 communities. Data from 38,517 asymptomatic, healthy non-smokers (25,614 women; 12,903 men) were analysed. For all regions, lung function increased with height non-linearly, decreased with age, and was proportionately higher in men than women. The quantitative effect of height, age, and sex on lung function differed by region. Compared with North America or Europe, FEV1 adjusted for height, age, and sex was 31·3% (95% CI 30·8-31·8%) lower in south Asia, 24·2% (23·5-24·9%) lower in southeast Asia, 12·8% (12·4-13·4%) lower in east Asia, 20·9% (19·9-22·0%) lower in sub-Saharan Africa, 5·7% (5·1-6·4%) lower in South America, and 11·2% (10·6-11·8%) lower in the Middle East. We recorded similar but larger differences in FVC. The differences were not accounted for by variation in weight, urban versus rural location, and education level between regions., Interpretation: Lung function differs substantially between regions of the world. These large differences are not explained by factors investigated in this study; the contribution of socioeconomic, genetic, and environmental factors and their interactions with lung function and lung health need further clarification., Funding: Full funding sources listed at end of the paper (see Acknowledgments)., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)