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Snow is one of the important water sources for vegetation growth in the Mongolian Plateau, and temporal and spatial changes to it have a profound impact on terrestrial vegetation phenology. In recent years, due to global climate change, the snow associated with the different vegetation types of the Mongolian Plateau has changed substantially, and the mechanism of the resulting change in the vegetation growth date needs to be studied. To address this issue, we used the modified Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model was to estimate the start of growing season net primary productivity (SOSNPP) for different types of vegetation over the Mongolian Plateau from 2001 to 2019. An extensive study of the spatial changes in the SOSNPP and the responses reflected by the winter snow cover fraction (SCFWinter), spring snow melting date (SMDSpring), and SOSNPP to influencing factors is of great significance for ecosystem maintenance. We observed: (1) Different vegetation types exhibited similar changes; SCFWinter underwent a significant decrease of −0.2%, and SMDSpring followed a slow downward trend of −0.59 day of the year (DOY)/year for the whole study area. (2) In the Mongolia Plateau, SOSNPP showed a trend of significant decrease of −0.53 DOY/year. (3) The local hydrothermal condition coupling relationship effect on different vegetation types. Spring temperature (TEMSpring) has a direct effect on vegetation SOSNPP, with a path coefficient of −0.09 in the Mongolian Plateau. SCFWinter and SMDSpring were shown through a path analysis to employ different effects on vegetation SOSNPP. SMDSpring has a direct effect on vegetation SOSNPP, with a path coefficient of 0.53. (4) The SMDSpring and PRESpring factors have a significant impact on vegetation SOSNPP, and they account for 21.11% and 21.26% of the whole study area SOSNPP, respectively. This study is expected to promote the examination of the snow phonological parameters of different related vegetation types and theoretical research on SOSNPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]