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In this paper, the main objective is the simulation of the electric supply for homes in remote areas located in Morocco (Oujda and Ouarzazate), Spain (Granada), and Algeria (Bechar). This simulation study is divided into two ideas, the first one is to optimize the hybrid system under a varied number of houses and the second part is to fix it in chosen values. This work relied on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method to optimize and analyze the proposed stand-alone photovoltaic/wind/diesel/battery hybrid system. MATLAB software is used to run the simulations and to carry out the optimal solutions of the optimized system using a developed PSO algorithm. The PSO approach contains five principal operator axes, which are problem definition, PSO initial parameters, initialization, PSO main loop, and then run of the algorithm. Optimizing the system component sizes and reaching the minimum cost of energy (COE) were the function objectives of this optimization study. Moreover, calculation of the hydrogen production from the generated energy by PV and wind systems is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Real case studies of Tazouta and Fez rural area in Morocco. • Hybrid biomass, wind, and solar electricity generation in areas those are rich in renewable energies. • Potential of bioenergy for producing power in rural areas of Fez-Meknes region in Morocco. High dependence of Morocco's energy sector on imported fossil fuels and subsequent associated expensive import bills, as well as global agreements with greenhouse gas emission reduction, has motivated Morocco to utilize renewable energy sources such as hydro, wind, and solar for energy generation. However, in recent years, the use of wind and solar energies in Morocco has accelerated more than hydropower usage because of the reduction in water levels as a result of rainfall drop, global warming, and natural droughts. Morocco has a great potential for electricity generation from solar and wind energies because of many sunny days, vast desert areas, long coastlines, and appropriate wind blow. However, accommodations of wind and solar generating units in electric power systems are difficult because of wind speed variations, solar irradiation uncertainty, and costly energy storage systems. Regarding the huge amounts of biowaste in Morocco, power generation from biomass can resolve this problem and compensate for the decrease in wind and solar energy generation during cloudy, rainy, and/or non-windy moments. Therefore, in the present paper, the capability of hybrid electric energy generation, using biomass, wind, and solar in a Moroccan village of Tazouta and the rural area of Fez city is evaluated. The proposed mixed-integer linear programming model was implemented in A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) using a linear solver of CPLEX. The biomass, solar, and wind power plants are biogas units fed by cow manure, 1-kW photovoltaic (PV) modules, and 5.1-kW wind turbines, respectively. The evaluation of the results indicates that hybrid utilization of wind, PV, and biomass energy resources is a more appropriate way for electricity generation in Tazouta and Fez rural areas compared to the individual operation of wind turbines and other combinations of mentioned renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy sector of Morocco relies mainly on imported fossil fuels. The expensive import bills associated with fossils, as well as the global drive for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, have compelled the country to consider the utilization of renewable energy resources such as hydro, wind, and solar for energy generation. Power generation from wind and solar is highly intermittent hence require storage systems to guarantee supply security. Considering the abundant nature of sheep rearing in Morocco, power generation from sheep dung through anaerobic digestion (AD) can serve as an alternative power generation source to alleviate the intermittent situations of wind and solar since biomass supply for AD is not affected by the weather. Therefore, this paper evaluates the capability of hybrid power generation, using AD of sheep dung, wind, and solar in two selected areas of the Fez-Meknes region in Morocco. A mixed-integer linear programming model was implemented in A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) using a linear solver of CPLEX. The results of the analysis indicated that only standalone wind generation and hybrid wind/PV/biogas generation are able to meet the total load demand of the two study locations. The hybrid generation resulted in a total carbon emission of 349.30 and 3871.60 g/year at a cost of 13,088.38 and 145,394.13 $/year for Tazouta and Fez respectively in supplying the whole load of the study locations, whiles the standalone wind generator resulted in a total carbon emission of 274 and 2603 g/year at a total cost of 23,352 and 239,500 $/year for satisfying the electric load of these two regions respectively. The results shows that, hybrid solar/wind/PV is the most ideal for supplying power to the two study locations in terms of cost and load satisfaction, while the wind is the most ideal in terms of load satisfaction and carbon emissions. • Sheep dung potential for generating electric power in rural areas of Fez-Meknes. • Wind, solar and biogas electricity generation in water-stressed areas of Morocco. • Hybrid renewable energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A cogeneration plant (BCHP) for gasification of olive oil residues is modeled. • An energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic analysis is conducted on the modeled system. • The energy and exergy efficiencies of the BCHP system are 30% and 19%, respectively. • Operating the BCHP system at lower loads leads to reduced energy and exergy efficiencies. • The BCHP system has capital costs of 5.8 $/h and exergy destruction costs of 0.86 $/h. Applying biomass gasification in combined heat and power systems (BCHPs) at olive oil mills is a sustainable energy solution, which allows effectively managing waste, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and optimizing investments by reducing biomass transportation costs. Morocco, a major global olive oil producer, has abundant olive groves and mills generating substantial amounts of waste. However, limited research exists on utilizing olive oil waste for BCHPs in Moroccan mills. This article proposes the construction of a BCHP in DARA mill, Morocco, including studying residues from olive oil production, simulating the BCHP, validating the gasification process through experiments, conducting energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analyses, and performing the parametric study on system performance. In the experimental data, the equivalence ratio for olive cake and olive pruning was obtained at 0.3 and 0.32, which agrees well with the simulated model by 0.31 and 0.315. The energy analysis revealed that 30% of input energy is converted to useful energy, while 70% is wasted, resulting in a 42% efficiency. From the exergy analysis, it was found that only 18% of the entered exergy is utilized as useful exergy, while 68% is destroyed and 12% is lost, resulting in 19% efficiency Investment expenses contribute to 87% of system costs, with cost of exergy destruction accounting for the remaining 13%. The engine, gasifier, and cleaning unit incur the highest exergy destruction and associated costs. Increasing both the air–fuel ratio (from 1.7 to 2) and water–fuel ratio (from 0.001 to 0.25) simultaneously leads to a 21% decrease in system exergy efficiency, a 3% increase in investment costs, and a 10% increase in costs related to exergy destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]