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Objective: To see the pattern of bone involvement in metastatic breast carcinoma. To study the distribution of bone metastasis, central skeleton vs. peripheral skeleton, in metastatic breast carcinoma. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Department of Surgery, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, in accordance with Breast Clinic MINAR. Period: March, 2021 to August, 2022. Material & Methods: The study was done in breast clinic MINAR, Multan. It was retrospective, non-randomized and single institution based study. The female patients who presented with breast carcinoma from March 2021 to August 2022, aged 25 to 70 years were scrutinized. Among these, the patients with metastatic breast carcinoma having metastasis in bones, confirmed on bone scan, were included in the study. 90 cases were collected in this research. The tumours which primarily arise from bone, lymphoid tumours, soft tissue tumours and bone marrow tumours and bone metastasis due to malignancies arising from other visceral organs were excluded. All the data was entered and analyzed using computer programme SPSS version 25.0. Results: The highest range of patients were between ages of 46-65 years. 87.8% were married, 2.2% were unmarried and 10% were divorced or widow. 43.3% were from rural area and 56.7% were from urban area. 93.3% previously had not any history of breast carcinoma. Only 6.7% had family history of breast carcinoma. 64.4% had menarche during the age of 12 to 14 years. And 42.2% had menopause between 50 to 55 years. While in all these cases 46.7% were those who had no menopause at all when they presented with metastatic breast carcinoma. Among these 13.3% had solitary bone metastasis and 86.7% had metastasis to multiple bones. 46.7% had central or axial skeletal involvement, 13.3% had peripheral skeletal involvement and 40% had both, including central and peripheral skeleton. Conclusion: This study has shown that among all the patients there were 46.7% patients had central skeletal involvement and 13.3% had peripheral skeleton involvement and 40% had both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the common endocrine complications found in children having thalassemia major. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatric Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Multan, from May to Nov 2019. Methodology: A total of 160 Children with thalassemia were taken in this study. Once registered, venous blood sample was taken and sent to the laboratory for endocrine profile. SPSS-21 was applied for analysis of collected data. Results: Out of 160 study cases, 100 (62.5%) were boys while 60 (37.5%) were female patients. Mean age of our study cases was 8.58 ± 1.98 years. Mean duration of disease was 5.28 ± 3.29 years. Parental consanguinity was positive in 122 (76.3%) and only 47 (29.4%) were taking chelation therapy. Mean HbA1C level was 6.23 ± 1.18% mg/dl and diabetes was noted in 41 (25.6%) of our study cases. Mean FT4 was 0.98 ± 0.13 ng/dl and hypothyroidism was noted in 24 (15%) of our study cases. Conclusion: Diabetes and hypothyroidism were the common endocrine complications noted in our study among children having thalassemia. All physicians treating such patients should always screen such patients for early diagnosis and timely management in order to reduce burden of related morbidities and enhance quality of life of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, experimental apparatus of desiccant dehumidification was developed at lab-scale, using silica gel as a desiccant material. Experimental data were obtained at various ambient air conditions, while focusing the climatic conditions of Multan (Pakistan). A steady-state analysis approach for the desiccant dehumidification process was used, and thereby the slope of desiccant dehumidification line on psychrometric chart (ϕ*) was determined. It has been found that ϕ* = 0.22 in case of silica gel which is lower than the hydrophilic polymeric sorbent, i.e., ϕ* = 0.31. The study proposed two kinds of systems, i.e., (i) standalone desiccant air-conditioning (DAC) and (ii) Maisotsenko-cycle-assisted desiccant air-conditioning (M-DAC) systems. In addition, two kinds of desiccant material (i.e., silica gel and hydrophilic polymeric sorbent) were investigated from the thermodynamic point of view for both system types, using the experimental data and associated results. The study aimed to determine the optimum air-conditioning (AC) system type, as well as adsorbent material for building AC application. In this regard, perspectives of dehumidification capacity, cooling capacity, and thermal coefficient of performance (COP) are taken into consideration. According to the results, hydrophilic polymeric sorbent gave a higher performance, as compared to silica gel. In case of both systems, the performance was improved with the addition of Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling unit. The maximum thermal COP was achieved by using a polymer-based M-DAC system, i.e., 0.47 at 70 °C regeneration temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]