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Background Energy drinks that contain caffeine, taurine, vitamins, herbal supplements, sugar or sweeteners are marketed to improve energy, weight loss, stamina, athletic performance and concentration. Recently some of energy drink has been banned in different countries like Saudi Arabia. In Nepal none of the studies has been done to report the effect of energy drink on health. The main objective of the study was to find out the effect of energy drink on health of medical students. Materials and Methods It was a cross sectional questionnaire based study done at Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal on November 2013. Results: Out of 206 students 202 completed the questionnaire completely and their responses were evaluated which gives an overall response rate of 98.05%%. Out of 202 students, 88 (43.56%) students were found consuming energy drinks. The research finding revealed that most of the students who consumed energy drink were male 58%. Most of the students felt energetic after consuming energy drink. The majority of the students were from the second year 79.5%. The majority of the students, 71.6% consumed < 5 cans/week. Among the CNS manifestations students felt energetic, insomnia, euphoria, anxiety, dizziness, hallucination, headache and seizure disorder. Most of the students suffered from palpitation among the CVS manifestations. Other GIT and CVS Manifestations were discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, constipation, weight loss and chest pain. ANS and miscellaneous manifestations were also seen among the students among which increased stamina, micturation, dry mouth, sweating, burning sensation in the throat, allergic reactions, breathlessness were noted by the students. Headache and insomnia was found more prevalent in males [OR 1.836 95% (CI 0.458, 7.367)] and [OR 1.214, 95 %(CI 0.517, 2.852)], respectively as compared to female students. However, in the case of GIT manifestations viz. abdominal pain and constipation revealed that it was more prevalent among male students [OR 2.292, 95 %(CI( 0.343, 13.638)] and [OR 1.836, 95 %(CI 0.458, 7.367)]. Conclusion It is concluded that energy drink gives energy and increases the stamina but it produces neurologic, psychiatric, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal complications on health. Further studies are required on the same field to find out its effect on health in Nepalese population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and by far the most frequent cancer among women., Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the awareness of breast cancer warning signs and screening methods among the women of Pokhara valley, Nepal., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out in a community setting with the female population. The questionnaire was administered in face-to-face interviews by trained research assistants., Results: Nepalese women demonstrated poor awareness of warning signs like a breast lump, lump under the armpit, bleeding or discharge from the nipple, pulling of the nipple, changes in the position of the nipple, nipple rash, redness of the breast skin, changes in the size of the breast or nipple, changes in the shape of the breast or nipple, pain in the breast or armpit, and dimpling of the breast skin. While 100% of nurses were aware about breast self- examination (BSE), mammography and warning signs of breast cancer. Levels of knowledge were significantly poorer in women with other occupations. Graduates were more aware about BSE, mammogram and warning signs of breast cancer compared to those with other educational levels., Conclusions: The findings indicated that the level of awareness of breast cancer, including knowledge of warning signs and BSE, is sub-optimal among Nepalese women.