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Human data on dermal absorption of silver under "in use" scenario are scarce which hampers health risk assessment. The main objective of the present study was to determine percutaneous penetration of silver after dermal exposure to silver containing garment in healthy individuals and atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. Next to assess pro-inflammatory effect of silver in the skin. Healthy subjects (n=15) and patients with AD (n=15) wore a sleeve containing 3.6% (w/w) silver on their lower arms for 8h during 5 consecutive days. The percutaneous penetration parameters were deduced from the silver concentration-depth profiles in the stratum corneum (SC) collected by adhesive tapes. Furthermore, silver was measured in urine samples collected before and after exposure. Inflammatory response was assessed by measuring IL-1α and IL-1RA in the exposed and non-exposed skin sites. Dermal flux of silver in healthy subjects and AD patients was respectively 0.23 and 0.20 ng/cm(2)/h. The urine silver concentrations showed no increase after exposure. Furthermore, exposure to silver did not lead to the changes in the profiles of IL-1α and IL-1RA. Dermal absorption of silver under "real life scenario" was lower than the current reference dose. Furthermore, dermal exposure did not lead to altered expression of inflammatory IL-1 cytokines in the skin., (Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.)

Background: Several studies have reported elevated levels of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in atopic patients, particularly in asthmatic patients, suggesting that FeNO is a marker of bronchial inflammation. However, the independent influence of different atopic entities (eczema, allergic rhinitis, and asthma) on FeNO has never been studied in the general population., Objective: To study the influence of a questionnaire-based diagnosis of atopic diseases and IgE and lung function measurements on FeNO levels., Methods: This study was part of a follow-up on otitis media of a birth cohort of 1,328 children born in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, between September 1, 1982, and August 31, 1983. Within the birth cohort, the incidence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema was determined, and off-line FeNO, spirometry, and IgE measurements were performed at the age of 21 years., Results: FeNO measurements were successfully performed in 361 participants. Median FeNO levels were significantly higher in those with vs without eczema (23.6 vs 18.0 ppb; P < .0001), those with vs without allergic rhinitis (20.7 vs 17.8 ppb; P = .0001), and those with vs without atopic asthma (23.3 vs 18.1 ppb; P = .02) but not in those with vs without asthma (20.8 vs 18.3 ppb; P = .24). Eczema, allergic rhinitis, smoking, sex, and atopic sensitization appeared to be independently associated with log FeNO in this population sample, whereas (atopic) asthma was not. No effect on FeNO levels was observed for lung function parameters., Conclusion: Eczema, allergic rhinitis, and atopic status were all independently associated with elevated FeNO levels, whereas (atopic) asthma was not. This finding implies that future studies into the role of FeNO in asthma should consider the influence of atopic disease outside the lungs.