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Residential assets, comprising buildings and household contents, are a major source of direct flood losses. Existing damage models are mostly deterministic and limited to particular countries or flood types. Here, we compile building-level losses from Germany, Italy and the Netherlands covering a wide range of fluvial and pluvial flood events. Utilizing a Bayesian network (BN) for continuous variables, we find that relative losses (i.e. loss relative to exposure) to building structure and its contents could be estimated with five variables: water depth, flow velocity, event return period, building usable floor space area and regional disposable income per capita. The model's ability to predict flood losses is validated for the 11 flood events contained in the sample. Predictions for the German and Italian fluvial floods were better than for pluvial floods or the 1993 Meuse river flood. Further, a case study of a 2010 coastal flood in France is used to test the BN model's performance for a type of flood not included in the survey dataset. Overall, the BN model achieved better results than any of 10 alternative damage models for reproducing average losses for the 2010 flood. An additional case study of a 2013 fluvial flood has also shown good performance of the model. The study shows that data from many flood events can be combined to derive most important factors driving flood losses across regions and time, and that resulting damage models could be applied in an open data framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Frailty is a syndrome that is defined as an accumulation of deficits in physical, psychological, and social domains. On a global scale, there is an urgent need to create frailty-ready healthcare systems due to the healthcare burden that frailty confers on systems and the increased risk of falls, healthcare utilization, disability, and premature mortality. Several studies have been conducted to develop prediction models for predicting frailty. Most studies used logistic regression as a technique to develop a prediction model. One area that has experienced significant growth is the application of Bayesian techniques, partly due to an increasing number of practitioners valuing the Bayesian paradigm as matching that of scientific discovery. Objective We compared ten different Bayesian networks as proposed by ten experts in the field of frail elderly people to predict frailty with a choice from ten dichotomized determinants for frailty. Methods We used the opinion of ten experts who could indicate, using an empty Bayesian network graph, the important predictors for frailty and the interactions between the different predictors. The candidate predictors were age, sex, marital status, ethnicity, education, income, lifestyle, multimorbidity, life events, and home living environment. The ten Bayesian network models were evaluated in terms of their ability to predict frailty. For the evaluation, we used the data of 479 participants that filled in the Tilburg Frailty indicator (TFI) questionnaire for assessing frailty among community-dwelling older people. The data set contained the aforementioned variables and the outcome "frail". The model fit of each model was measured using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the predictive performance of the models was measured using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC). The AUCs of the models were validated using bootstrapping with 100 repetitions. The relative importance of the predictors in the models was calculated using the permutation feature importance algorithm (PFI). Results The ten Bayesian networks of the ten experts differed considerably regarding the predictors and the connections between the predictors and the outcome. However, all ten networks had corrected AUCs > 0.700. Evaluating the importance of the predictors in each model, "diseases or chronic disorders" was the most important predictor in all models (10 times). The predictors "lifestyle" and "monthly income" were also often present in the models (both 6 times). One or more diseases or chronic disorders, an unhealthy lifestyle, and a monthly income below 1800 euro increased the likelihood of frailty. Conclusions Although the ten experts all made different graphs, the predictive performance was always satisfying (AUCs > 0.700). While it is true that the predictor importance varied all the time, the top three of the predictor importance consisted of "diseases or chronic disorders", "lifestyle" and "monthly income". All in all, asking for the opinion of experts in the field of frail elderly to predict frailty with Bayesian networks may be more rewarding than a data-driven forecast with Bayesian networks because they have expert knowledge regarding interactions between the different predictors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the aptness of a system approach to predict the level of contamination in a given agricultural product. As a showcase, the impact of climate and agrichemical use on the occurrence of food safety hazards in feed of dairy cows in the Netherlands was used. Data on chemical hazards in dairy cows' feed in the Netherlands for the years 2000 to 2013 were retrieved from the Dutch monitoring program KAP (Quality Program for Agricultural Products). Climate data (17 variables) and agrichemical usage figs. (6 variables) for the Netherlands were obtained from the NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information, the European Commission Joint Research Center's Agri4Cast database, and FAO's FAOSTAT. A Bayesian Network (BN) was constructed with this data and optimized for the prediction of the contamination level. The overall accuracy of prediction of the level of contamination in feed was 90.3%. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that many climate and agrichemical variables contributed to the prediction; however, their individual contribution was generally small. The applicability of the BN was demonstrated in more detail for grass and maize as feed components. The observed trends in contamination of these crops were accounted for by climate and agrichemical variables, with the impact varying amongst the specific variables and commodities. The variables with the highest impact were "days of precipitations in a month with ≥ 2.5 mm" and "annual use of herbicides". The results demonstrate that data-driven BNs can capture complex interactions, thereby enabling high-accuracy predictions. Whilst the applicability of this approach to the safety of dairy cows' feed in the Netherlands has thus been demonstrated, it can also be applied to other areas of food safety when a systems approach is needed. Such models can support risk assessors and risk managers in their understanding of the impacts of a given factor on food and feed safety, and inform the latter's decisions to mitigate potential risks. • Bayesian Network (BN) model predicted contamination level with high accuracy. • Impact of climate and agrichemical on the contamination level was demonstrated. • BNs allow addressing food safety and food security problems in a holistic manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), together with SNN at Radboud University Nijmegen, have developed new software for pedigree matching which can handle autosomal, Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA profiles. Initially this software, called Bonaparte, has been developed for DNA DVI. Bonaparte has been successfully applied in a real DVI case: the Afriqiyah Airways crash in Tripoli, Libya on 12 May 2010 in which 103 persons perished. The software performed excellently in terms of computational performance, stability and user-friendliness. This showed that Bonaparte is a reliable and time-saving tool which significantly simplifies and enhances a large-scale victim identification process. Bonaparte has been applied in NFIs missing persons program. For this, the software is connected to the NFI''s missing persons database (CODIS). Since Bonaparte uses XML as import format, data from any source can be imported. In the new configuration, CODIS data is automatically imported into Bonaparte. Then the software automatically performs a set of direct searches, as well as searches against both partial and full family trees. For the autosomal DNA results, exact likelihood ratios are computed. Finally, match reports can be generated on demand by Bonaparte''s customized reporting modules. In this way, an advanced search strategy combined with a modern, efficient work flow is realized in NFI''s missing persons program. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]